Merge branch 'develop'

NOTES

@@ -22,6 +22,14 @@ Operation/
 `-- PreparedStreamOperation
 
 
+----
+@CompoundIndex()
+create a new col in the same table called __idx_a_b_c that the hash of the concatenated values in that order is stored, create a normal index for that (CREATE INDEX ...)
+if a query matches that set of columns then use that indexed col to fetch the desired results from that table
+could also work with .in() query if materialized view exists
+----
+
+
     // TODO(gburd): create a statement that matches one that wasn't prepared
     //String key =
     //    "use " + preparedStatement.getQueryKeyspace() + "; " + preparedStatement.getQueryString();
@@ -183,3 +191,12 @@ InsertOperation
 		if (resultType == iface) {
 			if (values.size() > 0 && includesNonIdentityValues) {
 				boolean immutable = iface.isAssignableFrom(Drafted.class);
+-------------------
+
+    final Object value;
+    if (method.getParameterCount() == 1 && args[0] instanceof Boolean && src instanceof ValueProviderMap) {
+      value = ((ValueProviderMap)src).get(methodName, (Boolean)args[0]);
+    } else {
+      value = src.get(methodName);
+    }
+--------------------

bin/deploy.sh

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 
 mvn clean jar:jar javadoc:jar source:jar deploy -Prelease

bin/format.sh

@@ -1,7 +1,14 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 
+if [ "X$1" == "Xall" ]; then
   for f in $(find ./src -name \*.java); do
     echo Formatting $f
     java -jar ./lib/google-java-format-1.3-all-deps.jar --replace $f
   done
+else
+  for file in $(git status --short | awk '{print $2}'); do
+    echo $file
+    java -jar ./lib/google-java-format-1.3-all-deps.jar --replace $file
+  done
+fi
 

bin/sign.sh

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
-#!/bin/bash
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
 
 mvn clean jar:jar javadoc:jar source:jar install -Prelease

build.gradle

@@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
-// gradle wrapper
-// ./gradlew clean generateLock saveLock
-// ./gradlew compileJava
-// ./gradlew run
-// ./gradlew run --debug-jvm
-// ./gradlew publishToMavenLocal
-
-
-buildscript {
-    ext {}
-    repositories {
-        jcenter()
-        mavenLocal()
-        mavenCentral()
-        maven { url "https://clojars.org/repo" }
-        maven { url "https://plugins.gradle.org/m2/" }
-    }
-    dependencies {
-        classpath 'com.netflix.nebula:gradle-dependency-lock-plugin:4.+'
-        classpath 'com.uber:okbuck:0.19.0'
-    }
-}
-
-apply plugin: 'java'
-apply plugin: 'idea'
-apply plugin: 'eclipse'
-apply plugin: 'java-library'
-apply plugin: 'maven-publish'
-apply plugin: 'com.uber.okbuck'
-apply plugin: 'nebula.dependency-lock'
-
-task wrapper(type: Wrapper) {
-    gradleVersion = '4.0.2'
-}
-
-jar {
-    baseName = 'helenus'
-    group = 'net.helenus'
-    version = '2.0.17-SNAPSHOT'
-}
-
-description = """helenus"""
-
-sourceCompatibility = 1.8
-targetCompatibility = 1.8
-tasks.withType(JavaCompile) {
-    options.encoding = 'UTF-8'
-}
-
-configurations.all {
-}
-
-repositories {
-    jcenter()
-    mavenLocal()
-    mavenCentral()
-    maven { url "file:///Users/gburd/ws/helenus/lib" }
-    maven { url "https://oss.sonatype.org/content/repositories/snapshots" }
-    maven { url "http://repo.maven.apache.org/maven2" }
-}
-dependencies {
-    compile group: 'com.datastax.cassandra', name: 'cassandra-driver-core', version: '3.3.0'
-    compile group: 'org.aspectj', name: 'aspectjrt', version: '1.8.10'
-    compile group: 'org.aspectj', name: 'aspectjweaver', version: '1.8.10'
-    compile group: 'org.apache.commons', name: 'commons-lang3', version: '3.6'
-    compile group: 'org.springframework', name: 'spring-core', version: '4.3.10.RELEASE'
-    compile group: 'com.google.guava', name: 'guava', version: '20.0'
-    compile group: 'com.diffplug.durian', name: 'durian', version: '3.+'
-    compile group: 'io.zipkin.java', name: 'zipkin', version: '1.29.2'
-    compile group: 'io.zipkin.brave', name: 'brave', version: '4.0.6'
-    compile group: 'io.dropwizard.metrics', name: 'metrics-core', version: '3.2.2'
-    compile group: 'javax.validation', name: 'validation-api', version: '2.0.0.CR3'
-    compile group: 'org.slf4j', name: 'slf4j-api', version: '1.7.1'
-
-    runtime group: 'org.slf4j', name: 'jcl-over-slf4j', version: '1.7.1'
-
-    testCompile group: 'org.codehaus.jackson', name: 'jackson-mapper-asl', version: '1.9.13'
-    testCompile group: 'com.anthemengineering.mojo', name: 'infer-maven-plugin', version: '0.1.0'
-    testCompile group: 'org.codehaus.jackson', name: 'jackson-core-asl', version: '1.9.13'
-    testCompile(group: 'org.cassandraunit', name: 'cassandra-unit', version: '3.1.4.0-SNAPSHOT') {
-        exclude(module: 'cassandra-driver-core')
-    }
-    testCompile group: 'org.apache.cassandra', name: 'cassandra-all', version: '3.11.0'
-    testCompile group: 'commons-io', name: 'commons-io', version: '2.5'
-    testCompile group: 'junit', name: 'junit', version: '4.12'
-    testCompile group: 'com.github.stephenc', name: 'jamm', version: '0.2.5'
-    testCompile group: 'org.hamcrest', name: 'hamcrest-library', version: '1.3'
-    testCompile group: 'org.hamcrest', name: 'hamcrest-core', version: '1.3'
-    testCompile group: 'org.mockito', name: 'mockito-core', version: '2.8.47'
-}

dependencies.lock

@@ -1,648 +0,0 @@
-{
-    "compile": {
-        "com.datastax.cassandra:cassandra-driver-core": {
-            "locked": "3.3.0",
-            "requested": "3.3.0"
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-            "locked": "3.5.0-SNAPSHOT",
-            "requested": "3.+"
-        },
-        "com.google.guava:guava": {
-            "locked": "20.0",
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-        },
-        "io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core": {
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-        },
-        "io.zipkin.brave:brave": {
-            "locked": "4.0.6",
-            "requested": "4.0.6"
-        },
-        "io.zipkin.java:zipkin": {
-            "locked": "1.29.2",
-            "requested": "1.29.2"
-        },
-        "javax.validation:validation-api": {
-            "locked": "2.0.0.CR3",
-            "requested": "2.0.0.CR3"
-        },
-        "org.apache.commons:commons-lang3": {
-            "locked": "3.6",
-            "requested": "3.6"
-        },
-        "org.aspectj:aspectjrt": {
-            "locked": "1.8.10",
-            "requested": "1.8.10"
-        },
-        "org.aspectj:aspectjweaver": {
-            "locked": "1.8.10",
-            "requested": "1.8.10"
-        },
-        "org.slf4j:slf4j-api": {
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-            "requested": "1.7.1"
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-        "org.springframework:spring-core": {
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-    "compileClasspath": {
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-    },
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-        "com.google.guava:guava": {
-            "locked": "20.0",
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-        },
-        "io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core": {
-            "locked": "3.2.2",
-            "requested": "3.2.2"
-        },
-        "io.zipkin.brave:brave": {
-            "locked": "4.0.6",
-            "requested": "4.0.6"
-        },
-        "io.zipkin.java:zipkin": {
-            "locked": "1.29.2",
-            "requested": "1.29.2"
-        },
-        "javax.validation:validation-api": {
-            "locked": "2.0.0.CR3",
-            "requested": "2.0.0.CR3"
-        },
-        "junit:junit": {
-            "locked": "4.12",
-            "requested": "4.12"
-        },
-        "org.apache.cassandra:cassandra-all": {
-            "locked": "3.11.0",
-            "requested": "3.11.0"
-        },
-        "org.apache.commons:commons-lang3": {
-            "locked": "3.6",
-            "requested": "3.6"
-        },
-        "org.aspectj:aspectjrt": {
-            "locked": "1.8.10",
-            "requested": "1.8.10"
-        },
-        "org.aspectj:aspectjweaver": {
-            "locked": "1.8.10",
-            "requested": "1.8.10"
-        },
-        "org.cassandraunit:cassandra-unit": {
-            "locked": "3.1.4.0-SNAPSHOT",
-            "requested": "3.1.4.0-SNAPSHOT"
-        },
-        "org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl": {
-            "locked": "1.9.13",
-            "requested": "1.9.13"
-        },
-        "org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl": {
-            "locked": "1.9.13",
-            "requested": "1.9.13"
-        },
-        "org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core": {
-            "locked": "1.3",
-            "requested": "1.3"
-        },
-        "org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library": {
-            "locked": "1.3",
-            "requested": "1.3"
-        },
-        "org.mockito:mockito-core": {
-            "locked": "2.8.47",
-            "requested": "2.8.47"
-        },
-        "org.slf4j:jcl-over-slf4j": {
-            "locked": "1.7.7",
-            "requested": "1.7.1"
-        },
-        "org.slf4j:slf4j-api": {
-            "locked": "1.7.25",
-            "requested": "1.7.1"
-        },
-        "org.springframework:spring-core": {
-            "locked": "4.3.10.RELEASE",
-            "requested": "4.3.10.RELEASE"
-        }
-    },
-    "testRuntimeClasspath": {
-        "com.anthemengineering.mojo:infer-maven-plugin": {
-            "locked": "0.1.0",
-            "requested": "0.1.0"
-        },
-        "com.datastax.cassandra:cassandra-driver-core": {
-            "locked": "3.3.0",
-            "requested": "3.3.0"
-        },
-        "com.diffplug.durian:durian": {
-            "locked": "3.5.0-SNAPSHOT",
-            "requested": "3.+"
-        },
-        "com.github.stephenc:jamm": {
-            "locked": "0.2.5",
-            "requested": "0.2.5"
-        },
-        "com.google.guava:guava": {
-            "locked": "21.0",
-            "requested": "20.0"
-        },
-        "commons-io:commons-io": {
-            "locked": "2.5",
-            "requested": "2.5"
-        },
-        "io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core": {
-            "locked": "3.2.2",
-            "requested": "3.2.2"
-        },
-        "io.zipkin.brave:brave": {
-            "locked": "4.0.6",
-            "requested": "4.0.6"
-        },
-        "io.zipkin.java:zipkin": {
-            "locked": "1.29.2",
-            "requested": "1.29.2"
-        },
-        "javax.validation:validation-api": {
-            "locked": "2.0.0.CR3",
-            "requested": "2.0.0.CR3"
-        },
-        "junit:junit": {
-            "locked": "4.12",
-            "requested": "4.12"
-        },
-        "org.apache.cassandra:cassandra-all": {
-            "locked": "3.11.0",
-            "requested": "3.11.0"
-        },
-        "org.apache.commons:commons-lang3": {
-            "locked": "3.6",
-            "requested": "3.6"
-        },
-        "org.aspectj:aspectjrt": {
-            "locked": "1.8.10",
-            "requested": "1.8.10"
-        },
-        "org.aspectj:aspectjweaver": {
-            "locked": "1.8.10",
-            "requested": "1.8.10"
-        },
-        "org.cassandraunit:cassandra-unit": {
-            "locked": "3.1.4.0-SNAPSHOT",
-            "requested": "3.1.4.0-SNAPSHOT"
-        },
-        "org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-core-asl": {
-            "locked": "1.9.13",
-            "requested": "1.9.13"
-        },
-        "org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl": {
-            "locked": "1.9.13",
-            "requested": "1.9.13"
-        },
-        "org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core": {
-            "locked": "1.3",
-            "requested": "1.3"
-        },
-        "org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library": {
-            "locked": "1.3",
-            "requested": "1.3"
-        },
-        "org.mockito:mockito-core": {
-            "locked": "2.8.47",
-            "requested": "2.8.47"
-        },
-        "org.slf4j:jcl-over-slf4j": {
-            "locked": "1.7.7",
-            "requested": "1.7.1"
-        },
-        "org.slf4j:slf4j-api": {
-            "locked": "1.7.25",
-            "requested": "1.7.1"
-        },
-        "org.springframework:spring-core": {
-            "locked": "4.3.10.RELEASE",
-            "requested": "4.3.10.RELEASE"
-        }
-    }
-}

helenus-core.iml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
     </content>
     <orderEntry type="inheritedJdk" />
     <orderEntry type="sourceFolder" forTests="false" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: com.datastax.cassandra:cassandra-driver-core:3.3.0" level="project" />
+    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: com.datastax.cassandra:cassandra-driver-core:3.3.2" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: io.netty:netty-handler:4.0.47.Final" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: io.netty:netty-buffer:4.0.47.Final" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: io.netty:netty-common:4.0.47.Final" level="project" />
@@ -28,16 +28,14 @@
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: com.github.jnr:jnr-x86asm:1.0.2" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: com.github.jnr:jnr-posix:3.0.27" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: com.github.jnr:jnr-constants:0.9.0" level="project" />
+    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: com.datastax.cassandra:cassandra-driver-extras:3.3.2" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: com.diffplug.durian:durian:3.4.0" level="project" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: org.aspectj:aspectjrt:1.8.10" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: org.aspectj:aspectjweaver:1.8.10" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: org.apache.commons:commons-lang3:3.6" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: org.springframework:spring-core:4.3.10.RELEASE" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: commons-logging:commons-logging:1.2" level="project" />
+    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: javax.cache:cache-api:1.1.0" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: com.google.guava:guava:20.0" level="project" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: io.zipkin.java:zipkin:1.29.2" level="project" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: io.zipkin.brave:brave:4.0.6" level="project" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: io.zipkin.reporter:zipkin-reporter:0.6.12" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: io.dropwizard.metrics:metrics-core:3.2.2" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" name="Maven: javax.validation:validation-api:2.0.0.CR3" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: org.codehaus.jackson:jackson-mapper-asl:1.9.13" level="project" />
@@ -116,9 +114,9 @@
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: org.caffinitas.ohc:ohc-core:0.4.4" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: com.github.ben-manes.caffeine:caffeine:2.2.6" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: org.jctools:jctools-core:1.2.1" level="project" />
+    <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: ca.exprofesso:guava-jcache:1.0.4" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: commons-io:commons-io:2.5" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: junit:junit:4.12" level="project" />
-    <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: com.github.stephenc:jamm:0.2.5" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: org.hamcrest:hamcrest-library:1.3" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: org.hamcrest:hamcrest-core:1.3" level="project" />
     <orderEntry type="library" scope="TEST" name="Maven: org.mockito:mockito-core:2.8.47" level="project" />

pom.xml

@@ -109,7 +109,13 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>com.datastax.cassandra</groupId>
             <artifactId>cassandra-driver-core</artifactId>
-            <version>3.3.0</version>
+            <version>3.3.2</version>
+        </dependency>
+
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>com.datastax.cassandra</groupId>
+            <artifactId>cassandra-driver-extras</artifactId>
+            <version>3.3.2</version>
         </dependency>
 
         <dependency>
@@ -118,12 +124,6 @@
             <version>3.4.0</version>
         </dependency>
 
-        <dependency>
-            <groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>
-            <artifactId>aspectjrt</artifactId>
-            <version>1.8.10</version>
-        </dependency>
-
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.aspectj</groupId>
             <artifactId>aspectjweaver</artifactId>
@@ -142,25 +142,19 @@
             <version>4.3.10.RELEASE</version>
         </dependency>
 
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>javax.cache</groupId>
+            <artifactId>cache-api</artifactId>
+            <version>1.1.0</version>
+        </dependency>
+
         <dependency>
             <groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
             <artifactId>guava</artifactId>
             <version>20.0</version>
         </dependency>
 
-        <!-- Metrics and tracing -->
+        <!-- Metrics -->
-        <dependency>
-            <groupId>io.zipkin.java</groupId>
-            <artifactId>zipkin</artifactId>
-            <version>1.29.2</version>
-        </dependency>
-
-        <dependency>
-            <groupId>io.zipkin.brave</groupId>
-            <artifactId>brave</artifactId>
-            <version>4.0.6</version>
-        </dependency>
-
         <dependency>
             <groupId>io.dropwizard.metrics</groupId>
             <artifactId>metrics-core</artifactId>
@@ -217,6 +211,24 @@
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
 
+
+        <dependency>
+            <groupId>ca.exprofesso</groupId>
+            <artifactId>guava-jcache</artifactId>
+            <version>1.0.4</version>
+            <exclusions>
+                <exclusion>
+                    <groupId>com.google.guava</groupId>
+                    <artifactId>guava</artifactId>
+                </exclusion>
+                <exclusion>
+                    <groupId>javax.cache</groupId>
+                    <artifactId>cache-api</artifactId>
+                </exclusion>
+            </exclusions>
+            <scope>test</scope>
+        </dependency>
+
         <dependency>
             <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
             <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
@@ -231,13 +243,6 @@
             <scope>test</scope>
         </dependency>
 
-        <dependency>
-            <groupId>com.github.stephenc</groupId>
-            <artifactId>jamm</artifactId>
-            <version>0.2.5</version>
-            <scope>test</scope>
-        </dependency>
-
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.hamcrest</groupId>
             <artifactId>hamcrest-library</artifactId>
@@ -272,7 +277,6 @@
             <version>1.7.1</version>
             <scope>runtime</scope>
         </dependency>
-
     </dependencies>
 
     <build>

settings.gradle

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-rootProject.name = 'helenus-core'

src/main/java/com/datastax/driver/core/schemabuilder/CreateMaterializedView.java

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Select;
 
 public class CreateMaterializedView extends Create {
 
-  private String viewName;
+  private final String viewName;
   private Select.Where selection;
   private String primaryKey;
   private String clustering;

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/AbstractAuditedEntityDraft.java

@@ -33,6 +33,6 @@ public abstract class AbstractAuditedEntityDraft<E> extends AbstractEntityDraft<
   }
 
   public Date createdAt() {
-    return (Date) get("createdAt", Date.class);
+    return get("createdAt", Date.class);
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/AbstractEntityDraft.java

@@ -2,22 +2,36 @@ package net.helenus.core;
 
 import com.google.common.primitives.Primitives;
 import java.io.Serializable;
-import java.util.*;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Objects;
+import java.util.Set;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.DefaultPrimitiveTypes;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.Drafted;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.MapExportable;
+import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
 import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.SerializationUtils;
 
 public abstract class AbstractEntityDraft<E> implements Drafted<E> {
 
-  private final Map<String, Object> backingMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();
   private final MapExportable entity;
-  private final Map<String, Object> entityMap;
+  private final Map<String, Object> valuesMap;
+  private final Set<String> readSet;
+  private final Map<String, Object> mutationsMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();
 
   public AbstractEntityDraft(MapExportable entity) {
     this.entity = entity;
-    this.entityMap = entity != null ? entity.toMap() : new HashMap<String, Object>();
+    // Entities can mutate their map.
+    if (entity != null) {
+      this.valuesMap = entity.toMap(true);
+      this.readSet = entity.toReadSet();
+    } else {
+      this.valuesMap = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+      this.readSet = new HashSet<String>();
+    }
   }
 
   public abstract Class<E> getEntityClass();
@@ -33,10 +47,11 @@ public abstract class AbstractEntityDraft<E> implements Drafted<E> {
 
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public <T> T get(String key, Class<?> returnType) {
-    T value = (T) backingMap.get(key);
+    readSet.add(key);
+    T value = (T) mutationsMap.get(key);
 
     if (value == null) {
-      value = (T) entityMap.get(key);
+      value = (T) valuesMap.get(key);
       if (value == null) {
 
         if (Primitives.allPrimitiveTypes().contains(returnType)) {
@@ -49,23 +64,28 @@ public abstract class AbstractEntityDraft<E> implements Drafted<E> {
           return (T) type.getDefaultValue();
         }
       } else {
-        // Collections fetched from the entityMap
+        // Collections fetched from the valuesMap
         if (value instanceof Collection) {
-          try {
-            value = MappingUtil.<T>clone(value);
-          } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
-            // TODO(gburd): deep?shallow? copy of List, Map, Set to a mutable collection.
           value = (T) SerializationUtils.<Serializable>clone((Serializable) value);
         }
       }
     }
-    }
 
     return value;
   }
 
   public <T> Object set(Getter<T> getter, Object value) {
-    return set(this.<T>methodNameFor(getter), value);
+    HelenusProperty prop = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(getter).getProperty();
+    String key = prop.getPropertyName();
+
+    HelenusValidator.INSTANCE.validate(prop, value);
+
+    if (key == null || value == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    mutationsMap.put(key, value);
+    return value;
   }
 
   public Object set(String key, Object value) {
@@ -73,37 +93,35 @@ public abstract class AbstractEntityDraft<E> implements Drafted<E> {
       return null;
     }
 
-    backingMap.put(key, value);
+    mutationsMap.put(key, value);
     return value;
   }
 
+  public void put(String key, Object value) {
+    mutationsMap.put(key, value);
+  }
+
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public <T> T mutate(Getter<T> getter, T value) {
     return (T) mutate(this.<T>methodNameFor(getter), value);
   }
 
-  public Object mutate(String key, Object value) {
+  public <T> T mutate(String key, T value) {
     Objects.requireNonNull(key);
 
-    if (value == null) {
+    if (value != null) {
-      return null;
-    }
-
       if (entity != null) {
-      Map<String, Object> map = entity.toMap();
+        T currentValue = this.<T>fetch(key);
-
+        if (!value.equals(currentValue)) {
-      if (map.containsKey(key) && !value.equals(map.get(key))) {
+          mutationsMap.put(key, value);
-        backingMap.put(key, value);
           return value;
         }
-
-      return map.get(key);
       } else {
-      backingMap.put(key, value);
+        mutationsMap.put(key, value);
-
-      return null;
       }
     }
+    return null;
+  }
 
   private <T> String methodNameFor(Getter<T> getter) {
     return MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(getter).getProperty().getPropertyName();
@@ -115,8 +133,8 @@ public abstract class AbstractEntityDraft<E> implements Drafted<E> {
 
   public Object unset(String key) {
     if (key != null) {
-      Object value = backingMap.get(key);
+      Object value = mutationsMap.get(key);
-      backingMap.put(key, null);
+      mutationsMap.put(key, null);
       return value;
     }
     return null;
@@ -126,10 +144,18 @@ public abstract class AbstractEntityDraft<E> implements Drafted<E> {
     return this.<T>reset(this.<T>methodNameFor(getter), desiredValue);
   }
 
+  private <T> T fetch(String key) {
+    T value = (T) mutationsMap.get(key);
+    if (value == null) {
+      value = (T) valuesMap.get(key);
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+
   public <T> boolean reset(String key, T desiredValue) {
     if (key != null && desiredValue != null) {
       @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-      T currentValue = (T) backingMap.get(key);
+      T currentValue = (T) this.<T>fetch(key);
       if (currentValue == null || !currentValue.equals(desiredValue)) {
         set(key, desiredValue);
         return true;
@@ -140,7 +166,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractEntityDraft<E> implements Drafted<E> {
 
   @Override
   public Map<String, Object> toMap() {
-    return toMap(entityMap);
+    return toMap(valuesMap);
   }
 
   public Map<String, Object> toMap(Map<String, Object> entityMap) {
@@ -151,21 +177,26 @@ public abstract class AbstractEntityDraft<E> implements Drafted<E> {
         combined.put(e.getKey(), e.getValue());
       }
     } else {
-      combined = new HashMap<String, Object>(backingMap.size());
+      combined = new HashMap<String, Object>(mutationsMap.size());
     }
     for (String key : mutated()) {
-      combined.put(key, backingMap.get(key));
+      combined.put(key, mutationsMap.get(key));
     }
     return combined;
   }
 
   @Override
   public Set<String> mutated() {
-    return backingMap.keySet();
+    return mutationsMap.keySet();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public Set<String> read() {
+    return readSet;
   }
 
   @Override
   public String toString() {
-    return backingMap.toString();
+    return mutationsMap.toString();
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/AbstractSessionOperations.java

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 package net.helenus.core;
 
-import brave.Tracer;
 import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.*;
 import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
@@ -25,7 +24,6 @@ import java.io.PrintStream;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
-import net.helenus.core.operation.Operation;
 import net.helenus.mapping.value.ColumnValuePreparer;
 import net.helenus.mapping.value.ColumnValueProvider;
 import net.helenus.support.Either;
@@ -43,6 +41,8 @@ public abstract class AbstractSessionOperations {
 
   public abstract boolean isShowCql();
 
+  public abstract boolean showValues();
+
   public abstract PrintStream getPrintStream();
 
   public abstract Executor getExecutor();
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ public abstract class AbstractSessionOperations {
 
   public PreparedStatement prepare(RegularStatement statement) {
     try {
-      logStatement(statement, false);
       return currentSession().prepare(statement);
     } catch (RuntimeException e) {
       throw translateException(e);
@@ -68,64 +67,48 @@ public abstract class AbstractSessionOperations {
 
   public ListenableFuture<PreparedStatement> prepareAsync(RegularStatement statement) {
     try {
-      logStatement(statement, false);
       return currentSession().prepareAsync(statement);
     } catch (RuntimeException e) {
       throw translateException(e);
     }
   }
 
-  public ResultSet execute(Statement statement, boolean showValues) {
+  public ResultSet execute(Statement statement) {
-    return execute(statement, null, null, showValues);
+    return execute(statement, null, null);
   }
 
-  public ResultSet execute(Statement statement, Stopwatch timer, boolean showValues) {
+  public ResultSet execute(Statement statement, Stopwatch timer) {
-    return execute(statement, null, timer, showValues);
+    return execute(statement, null, timer);
   }
 
-  public ResultSet execute(Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow, boolean showValues) {
+  public ResultSet execute(Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow) {
-    return execute(statement, uow, null, showValues);
+    return execute(statement, uow, null);
   }
 
-  public ResultSet execute(
+  public ResultSet execute(Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow, Stopwatch timer) {
-      Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow, Stopwatch timer, boolean showValues) {
+    return executeAsync(statement, uow, timer).getUninterruptibly();
-    return executeAsync(statement, uow, timer, showValues).getUninterruptibly();
   }
 
-  public ResultSetFuture executeAsync(Statement statement, boolean showValues) {
+  public ResultSetFuture executeAsync(Statement statement) {
-    return executeAsync(statement, null, null, showValues);
+    return executeAsync(statement, null, null);
   }
 
-  public ResultSetFuture executeAsync(Statement statement, Stopwatch timer, boolean showValues) {
+  public ResultSetFuture executeAsync(Statement statement, Stopwatch timer) {
-    return executeAsync(statement, null, timer, showValues);
+    return executeAsync(statement, null, timer);
   }
 
-  public ResultSetFuture executeAsync(Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow, boolean showValues) {
+  public ResultSetFuture executeAsync(Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow) {
-    return executeAsync(statement, uow, null, showValues);
+    return executeAsync(statement, uow, null);
   }
 
-  public ResultSetFuture executeAsync(
+  public ResultSetFuture executeAsync(Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow, Stopwatch timer) {
-      Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow, Stopwatch timer, boolean showValues) {
     try {
-      logStatement(statement, showValues);
       return currentSession().executeAsync(statement);
     } catch (RuntimeException e) {
       throw translateException(e);
     }
   }
 
-  private void logStatement(Statement statement, boolean showValues) {
-    if (isShowCql()) {
-      printCql(Operation.queryString(statement, showValues));
-    } else if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
-      LOG.info("CQL> " + Operation.queryString(statement, showValues));
-    }
-  }
-
-  public Tracer getZipkinTracer() {
-    return null;
-  }
-
   public MetricRegistry getMetricRegistry() {
     return null;
   }
@@ -145,9 +128,5 @@ public abstract class AbstractSessionOperations {
 
   public void updateCache(Object pojo, List<Facet> facets) {}
 
-  void printCql(String cql) {
-    getPrintStream().println(cql);
-  }
-
   public void cacheEvict(List<Facet> facets) {}
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/AbstractUnitOfWork.java

@@ -1,407 +0,0 @@
-/*
- *      Copyright (C) 2015 The Helenus Authors
- *
- *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- *   limitations under the License.
- */
-package net.helenus.core;
-
-import static net.helenus.core.HelenusSession.deleted;
-
-import com.diffplug.common.base.Errors;
-import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
-import com.google.common.collect.HashBasedTable;
-import com.google.common.collect.Table;
-import com.google.common.collect.TreeTraverser;
-import java.util.*;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
-import java.util.stream.Collectors;
-import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
-import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
-import net.helenus.support.Either;
-import org.slf4j.Logger;
-import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
-
-/** Encapsulates the concept of a "transaction" as a unit-of-work. */
-public abstract class AbstractUnitOfWork<E extends Exception>
-    implements UnitOfWork<E>, AutoCloseable {
-
-  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(AbstractUnitOfWork.class);
-
-  private final List<AbstractUnitOfWork<E>> nested = new ArrayList<>();
-  private final HelenusSession session;
-  private final AbstractUnitOfWork<E> parent;
-  private final Table<String, String, Either<Object, List<Facet>>> cache = HashBasedTable.create();
-  protected String purpose;
-  protected List<String> nestedPurposes = new ArrayList<String>();
-  protected String info;
-  protected int cacheHits = 0;
-  protected int cacheMisses = 0;
-  protected int databaseLookups = 0;
-  protected Stopwatch elapsedTime;
-  protected Map<String, Double> databaseTime = new HashMap<>();
-  protected double cacheLookupTime = 0.0;
-  private List<CommitThunk> postCommit = new ArrayList<CommitThunk>();
-  private boolean aborted = false;
-  private boolean committed = false;
-
-  protected AbstractUnitOfWork(HelenusSession session, AbstractUnitOfWork<E> parent) {
-    Objects.requireNonNull(session, "containing session cannot be null");
-
-    this.session = session;
-    this.parent = parent;
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void addDatabaseTime(String name, Stopwatch amount) {
-    Double time = databaseTime.get(name);
-    if (time == null) {
-      databaseTime.put(name, (double) amount.elapsed(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS));
-    } else {
-      databaseTime.put(name, time + amount.elapsed(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS));
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void addCacheLookupTime(Stopwatch amount) {
-    cacheLookupTime += amount.elapsed(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS);
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void addNestedUnitOfWork(UnitOfWork<E> uow) {
-    synchronized (nested) {
-      nested.add((AbstractUnitOfWork<E>) uow);
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public synchronized UnitOfWork<E> begin() {
-    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
-      elapsedTime = Stopwatch.createStarted();
-    }
-    // log.record(txn::start)
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public String getPurpose() {
-    return purpose;
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public UnitOfWork setPurpose(String purpose) {
-    this.purpose = purpose;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void setInfo(String info) {
-    this.info = info;
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(int cache, int ops) {
-    if (cache > 0) {
-      cacheHits += cache;
-    } else {
-      cacheMisses += Math.abs(cache);
-    }
-    if (ops > 0) {
-      databaseLookups += ops;
-    }
-  }
-
-  public String logTimers(String what) {
-    double e = (double) elapsedTime.elapsed(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS) / 1000.0;
-    double d = 0.0;
-    double c = cacheLookupTime / 1000.0;
-    double fc = (c / e) * 100.0;
-    String database = "";
-    if (databaseTime.size() > 0) {
-      List<String> dbt = new ArrayList<>(databaseTime.size());
-      for (Map.Entry<String, Double> dt : databaseTime.entrySet()) {
-        double t = dt.getValue() / 1000.0;
-        d += t;
-        dbt.add(String.format("%s took %,.3fms %,2.2f%%", dt.getKey(), t, (t / e) * 100.0));
-      }
-      double fd = (d / e) * 100.0;
-      database =
-          String.format(
-              ", %d quer%s (%,.3fms %,2.2f%% - %s)",
-              databaseLookups, (databaseLookups > 1) ? "ies" : "y", d, fd, String.join(", ", dbt));
-    }
-    String cache = "";
-    if (cacheLookupTime > 0) {
-      int cacheLookups = cacheHits + cacheMisses;
-      cache =
-          String.format(
-              " with %d cache lookup%s (%,.3fms %,2.2f%% - %,d hit, %,d miss)",
-              cacheLookups, cacheLookups > 1 ? "s" : "", c, fc, cacheHits, cacheMisses);
-    }
-    String da = "";
-    if (databaseTime.size() > 0 || cacheLookupTime > 0) {
-      double dat = d + c;
-      double daf = (dat / e) * 100;
-      da =
-          String.format(
-              " consuming %,.3fms for data access, or %,2.2f%% of total UOW time.", dat, daf);
-    }
-    String x = nestedPurposes.stream().distinct().collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
-    String n =
-        nested
-            .stream()
-            .map(uow -> String.valueOf(uow.hashCode()))
-            .collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
-    String s =
-        String.format(
-            Locale.US,
-            "UOW(%s%s) %s in %,.3fms%s%s%s%s%s%s",
-            hashCode(),
-            (nested.size() > 0 ? ", [" + n + "]" : ""),
-            what,
-            e,
-            cache,
-            database,
-            da,
-            (purpose == null ? "" : " " + purpose),
-            (nestedPurposes.isEmpty()) ? "" : ", " + x,
-            (info == null) ? "" : " " + info);
-    return s;
-  }
-
-  private void applyPostCommitFunctions() {
-    if (!postCommit.isEmpty()) {
-      for (CommitThunk f : postCommit) {
-        f.apply();
-      }
-    }
-    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
-      LOG.info(logTimers("committed"));
-    }
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public Optional<Object> cacheLookup(List<Facet> facets) {
-    String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
-    Optional<Object> result = Optional.empty();
-    for (Facet facet : facets) {
-      if (!facet.fixed()) {
-        String columnName = facet.name() + "==" + facet.value();
-        Either<Object, List<Facet>> eitherValue = cache.get(tableName, columnName);
-        if (eitherValue != null) {
-          Object value = deleted;
-          if (eitherValue.isLeft()) {
-            value = eitherValue.getLeft();
-          }
-          result = Optional.of(value);
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (!result.isPresent()) {
-      // Be sure to check all enclosing UnitOfWork caches as well, we may be nested.
-      if (parent != null) {
-        return parent.cacheLookup(facets);
-      }
-    }
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public List<Facet> cacheEvict(List<Facet> facets) {
-    Either<Object, List<Facet>> deletedObjectFacets = Either.right(facets);
-    String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
-    Optional<Object> optionalValue = cacheLookup(facets);
-    if (optionalValue.isPresent()) {
-      Object value = optionalValue.get();
-
-      for (Facet facet : facets) {
-        if (!facet.fixed()) {
-          String columnKey = facet.name() + "==" + facet.value();
-          // mark the value identified by the facet to `deleted`
-          cache.put(tableName, columnKey, deletedObjectFacets);
-        }
-      }
-      // look for other row/col pairs that referenced the same object, mark them
-      // `deleted`
-      cache
-          .columnKeySet()
-          .forEach(
-              columnKey -> {
-                Either<Object, List<Facet>> eitherCachedValue = cache.get(tableName, columnKey);
-                if (eitherCachedValue.isLeft()) {
-                  Object cachedValue = eitherCachedValue.getLeft();
-                  if (cachedValue == value) {
-                    cache.put(tableName, columnKey, deletedObjectFacets);
-                    String[] parts = columnKey.split("==");
-                    facets.add(new Facet<String>(parts[0], parts[1]));
-                  }
-                }
-              });
-    }
-    return facets;
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void cacheUpdate(Object value, List<Facet> facets) {
-    String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
-    for (Facet facet : facets) {
-      if (!facet.fixed()) {
-        String columnName = facet.name() + "==" + facet.value();
-        cache.put(tableName, columnName, Either.left(value));
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  private Iterator<AbstractUnitOfWork<E>> getChildNodes() {
-    return nested.iterator();
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Checks to see if the work performed between calling begin and now can be committed or not.
-   *
-   * @return a function from which to chain work that only happens when commit is successful
-   * @throws E when the work overlaps with other concurrent writers.
-   */
-  public PostCommitFunction<Void, Void> commit() throws E {
-    // All nested UnitOfWork should be committed (not aborted) before calls to
-    // commit, check.
-    boolean canCommit = true;
-    TreeTraverser<AbstractUnitOfWork<E>> traverser =
-        TreeTraverser.using(node -> node::getChildNodes);
-    for (AbstractUnitOfWork<E> uow : traverser.postOrderTraversal(this)) {
-      if (this != uow) {
-        canCommit &= (!uow.aborted && uow.committed);
-      }
-    }
-
-    // log.record(txn::provisionalCommit)
-    // examine log for conflicts in read-set and write-set between begin and
-    // provisional commit
-    // if (conflict) { throw new ConflictingUnitOfWorkException(this) }
-    // else return function so as to enable commit.andThen(() -> { do something iff
-    // commit was successful; })
-
-    if (canCommit) {
-      committed = true;
-      aborted = false;
-
-      nested.forEach((uow) -> Errors.rethrow().wrap(uow::commit));
-      elapsedTime.stop();
-
-      if (parent == null) {
-        // Apply all post-commit functions, this is the outter-most UnitOfWork.
-        traverser
-            .postOrderTraversal(this)
-            .forEach(
-                uow -> {
-                  uow.applyPostCommitFunctions();
-                });
-
-        // Merge our cache into the session cache.
-        session.mergeCache(cache);
-
-        return new PostCommitFunction(this, null);
-      } else {
-
-        // Merge cache and statistics into parent if there is one.
-        parent.mergeCache(cache);
-        if (purpose != null) {
-          parent.nestedPurposes.add(purpose);
-        }
-        parent.cacheHits += cacheHits;
-        parent.cacheMisses += cacheMisses;
-        parent.databaseLookups += databaseLookups;
-        parent.cacheLookupTime += cacheLookupTime;
-        for (Map.Entry<String, Double> dt : databaseTime.entrySet()) {
-          String name = dt.getKey();
-          if (parent.databaseTime.containsKey(name)) {
-            double t = parent.databaseTime.get(name);
-            parent.databaseTime.put(name, t + dt.getValue());
-          } else {
-            parent.databaseTime.put(name, dt.getValue());
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    // else {
-    // Constructor<T> ctor = clazz.getConstructor(conflictExceptionClass);
-    // T object = ctor.newInstance(new Object[] { String message });
-    // }
-    return new PostCommitFunction(this, postCommit);
-  }
-
-  /* Explicitly discard the work and mark it as as such in the log. */
-  public synchronized void abort() {
-    TreeTraverser<AbstractUnitOfWork<E>> traverser =
-        TreeTraverser.using(node -> node::getChildNodes);
-    traverser
-        .postOrderTraversal(this)
-        .forEach(
-            uow -> {
-              uow.committed = false;
-              uow.aborted = true;
-            });
-    // log.record(txn::abort)
-    // cache.invalidateSince(txn::start time)
-    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
-      if (elapsedTime.isRunning()) {
-        elapsedTime.stop();
-      }
-      LOG.info(logTimers("aborted"));
-    }
-  }
-
-  private void mergeCache(Table<String, String, Either<Object, List<Facet>>> from) {
-    Table<String, String, Either<Object, List<Facet>>> to = this.cache;
-    from.rowMap()
-        .forEach(
-            (rowKey, columnMap) -> {
-              columnMap.forEach(
-                  (columnKey, value) -> {
-                    if (to.contains(rowKey, columnKey)) {
-                      // TODO(gburd):...
-                      to.put(
-                          rowKey,
-                          columnKey,
-                          Either.left(
-                              CacheUtil.merge(
-                                  to.get(rowKey, columnKey).getLeft(),
-                                  from.get(rowKey, columnKey).getLeft())));
-                    } else {
-                      to.put(rowKey, columnKey, from.get(rowKey, columnKey));
-                    }
-                  });
-            });
-  }
-
-  public String describeConflicts() {
-    return "it's complex...";
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void close() throws E {
-    // Closing a AbstractUnitOfWork will abort iff we've not already aborted or
-    // committed this unit of work.
-    if (aborted == false && committed == false) {
-      abort();
-    }
-  }
-
-  public boolean hasAborted() {
-    return aborted;
-  }
-
-  public boolean hasCommitted() {
-    return committed;
-  }
-}

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/Filter.java

@@ -79,6 +79,13 @@ public final class Filter<V> {
     return new Filter<V>(node, postulate);
   }
 
+  public static <V> Filter<V> create(
+      Getter<V> getter, HelenusPropertyNode node, Postulate<V> postulate) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(getter, "empty getter");
+    Objects.requireNonNull(postulate, "empty operator");
+    return new Filter<V>(node, postulate);
+  }
+
   public static <V> Filter<V> create(Getter<V> getter, Operator op, V val) {
     Objects.requireNonNull(getter, "empty getter");
     Objects.requireNonNull(op, "empty op");

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/Helenus.java

@@ -81,6 +81,10 @@ public final class Helenus {
     return new SessionInitializer(session);
   }
 
+  public static SessionInitializer init(Session session, String keyspace) {
+    return new SessionInitializer(session, keyspace);
+  }
+
   public static SessionInitializer init(Session session) {
 
     if (session == null) {

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/HelenusSession.java

@@ -17,23 +17,19 @@ package net.helenus.core;
 
 import static net.helenus.core.Query.eq;
 
-import brave.Tracer;
 import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.*;
 import com.google.common.collect.Table;
 import java.io.Closeable;
 import java.io.PrintStream;
-import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
 import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.function.Function;
-import java.util.regex.Matcher;
-import java.util.regex.Pattern;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import javax.cache.Cache;
+import javax.cache.CacheManager;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
-import net.helenus.core.cache.SessionCache;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.UnboundFacet;
 import net.helenus.core.operation.*;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.Drafted;
@@ -47,74 +43,69 @@ import net.helenus.support.*;
 import net.helenus.support.Fun.Tuple1;
 import net.helenus.support.Fun.Tuple2;
 import net.helenus.support.Fun.Tuple6;
-import org.slf4j.Logger;
-import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
 
 public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeable {
-
   public static final Object deleted = new Object();
-  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelenusSession.class);
-  private static final Pattern classNameRegex =
-      Pattern.compile("^(?:\\w+\\.)+(?:(\\w+)|(\\w+)\\$.*)$");
 
   private final Session session;
   private final CodecRegistry registry;
   private final ConsistencyLevel defaultConsistencyLevel;
   private final boolean defaultQueryIdempotency;
   private final MetricRegistry metricRegistry;
-  private final Tracer zipkinTracer;
   private final PrintStream printStream;
-  private final Class<? extends UnitOfWork> unitOfWorkClass;
   private final SessionRepository sessionRepository;
   private final Executor executor;
   private final boolean dropSchemaOnClose;
-  private final SessionCache<String, Object> sessionCache;
+  private final CacheManager cacheManager;
   private final RowColumnValueProvider valueProvider;
   private final StatementColumnValuePreparer valuePreparer;
   private final Metadata metadata;
   private volatile String usingKeyspace;
   private volatile boolean showCql;
+  private volatile boolean showValues;
 
   HelenusSession(
       Session session,
       String usingKeyspace,
       CodecRegistry registry,
       boolean showCql,
+      boolean showValues,
       PrintStream printStream,
       SessionRepositoryBuilder sessionRepositoryBuilder,
       Executor executor,
       boolean dropSchemaOnClose,
       ConsistencyLevel consistencyLevel,
       boolean defaultQueryIdempotency,
-      Class<? extends UnitOfWork> unitOfWorkClass,
+      CacheManager cacheManager,
-      SessionCache sessionCache,
+      MetricRegistry metricRegistry) {
-      MetricRegistry metricRegistry,
-      Tracer tracer) {
     this.session = session;
     this.registry = registry == null ? CodecRegistry.DEFAULT_INSTANCE : registry;
     this.usingKeyspace =
         Objects.requireNonNull(
             usingKeyspace, "keyspace needs to be selected before creating session");
     this.showCql = showCql;
+    this.showValues = showValues;
     this.printStream = printStream;
-    this.sessionRepository = sessionRepositoryBuilder.build();
+    this.sessionRepository =
+        sessionRepositoryBuilder == null ? null : sessionRepositoryBuilder.build();
     this.executor = executor;
     this.dropSchemaOnClose = dropSchemaOnClose;
     this.defaultConsistencyLevel = consistencyLevel;
     this.defaultQueryIdempotency = defaultQueryIdempotency;
-    this.unitOfWorkClass = unitOfWorkClass;
     this.metricRegistry = metricRegistry;
-    this.zipkinTracer = tracer;
+    this.cacheManager = cacheManager;
-
-    if (sessionCache == null) {
-      this.sessionCache = SessionCache.<String, Object>defaultCache();
-    } else {
-      this.sessionCache = sessionCache;
-    }
 
     this.valueProvider = new RowColumnValueProvider(this.sessionRepository);
     this.valuePreparer = new StatementColumnValuePreparer(this.sessionRepository);
-    this.metadata = session.getCluster().getMetadata();
+    this.metadata = session == null ? null : session.getCluster().getMetadata();
+  }
+
+  public UnitOfWork begin() {
+    return new UnitOfWork(this).begin();
+  }
+
+  public UnitOfWork begin(UnitOfWork parent) {
+    return new UnitOfWork(this, parent).begin();
   }
 
   @Override
@@ -153,6 +144,20 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
     return this;
   }
 
+  public HelenusSession showQueryValuesInLog(boolean showValues) {
+    this.showValues = showValues;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public HelenusSession showQueryValuesInLog() {
+    this.showValues = true;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public boolean showValues() {
+    return showValues;
+  }
+
   @Override
   public Executor getExecutor() {
     return executor;
@@ -173,11 +178,6 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
     return valuePreparer;
   }
 
-  @Override
-  public Tracer getZipkinTracer() {
-    return zipkinTracer;
-  }
-
   @Override
   public MetricRegistry getMetricRegistry() {
     return metricRegistry;
@@ -195,25 +195,29 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
 
   @Override
   public Object checkCache(String tableName, List<Facet> facets) {
-    List<String[]> facetCombinations = CacheUtil.flattenFacets(facets);
     Object result = null;
-    for (String[] combination : facetCombinations) {
+    if (cacheManager != null) {
-      String cacheKey = tableName + "." + Arrays.toString(combination);
+      Cache<String, Object> cache = cacheManager.getCache(tableName);
-      result = sessionCache.get(cacheKey);
+      if (cache != null) {
+        for (String key : CacheUtil.flatKeys(tableName, facets)) {
+          result = cache.get(key);
           if (result != null) {
             return result;
           }
         }
+      }
+    }
     return null;
   }
 
   @Override
   public void cacheEvict(List<Facet> facets) {
+    if (cacheManager != null) {
       String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
-    List<String[]> facetCombinations = CacheUtil.flattenFacets(facets);
+      Cache<String, Object> cache = cacheManager.getCache(tableName);
-    for (String[] combination : facetCombinations) {
+      if (cache != null) {
-      String cacheKey = tableName + "." + Arrays.toString(combination);
+        CacheUtil.flatKeys(tableName, facets).forEach(key -> cache.remove(key));
-      sessionCache.invalidate(cacheKey);
+      }
     }
   }
 
@@ -235,7 +239,7 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
             }
           } else {
             value = valueMap.get(prop.getPropertyName());
-            binder.setValueForProperty(prop, value.toString());
+            if (value != null) binder.setValueForProperty(prop, value.toString());
           }
         }
         if (binder.isBound()) {
@@ -252,6 +256,7 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
 
   @Override
   public void mergeCache(Table<String, String, Either<Object, List<Facet>>> uowCache) {
+    if (cacheManager != null) {
       List<Object> items =
           uowCache
               .values()
@@ -279,8 +284,10 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
                               BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop);
                           binder.setValueForProperty(prop, value.toString());
                         } else {
-                        binder.setValueForProperty(
+                          Object v = valueMap.get(prop.getPropertyName());
-                            prop, valueMap.get(prop.getPropertyName()).toString());
+                          if (v != null) {
+                            binder.setValueForProperty(prop, v.toString());
+                          }
                         }
                       });
               if (binder.isBound()) {
@@ -305,91 +312,40 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
               .collect(Collectors.toList());
       for (List<Facet> facets : deletedFacetSets) {
         String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
-      List<String[]> combinations = CacheUtil.flattenFacets(facets);
+        Cache<String, Object> cache = cacheManager.getCache(tableName);
-      for (String[] combination : combinations) {
+        if (cache != null) {
-        String cacheKey = tableName + "." + Arrays.toString(combination);
+          List<String> keys = CacheUtil.flatKeys(tableName, facets);
-        sessionCache.invalidate(cacheKey);
+          keys.forEach(key -> cache.remove(key));
+        }
       }
     }
   }
 
   private void replaceCachedFacetValues(
       Object pojo, String tableName, List<String[]> facetCombinations) {
+    if (cacheManager != null) {
       for (String[] combination : facetCombinations) {
         String cacheKey = tableName + "." + Arrays.toString(combination);
-      sessionCache.invalidate(cacheKey);
+        Cache<String, Object> cache = cacheManager.getCache(tableName);
-      sessionCache.put(cacheKey, pojo);
+        if (cache != null) {
+          if (pojo == null || pojo == HelenusSession.deleted) {
+            cache.remove(cacheKey);
+          } else {
+            cache.put(cacheKey, pojo);
           }
         }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public CacheManager getCacheManager() {
+    return cacheManager;
+  }
 
   public Metadata getMetadata() {
     return metadata;
   }
 
-  public UnitOfWork begin() {
-    return this.begin(null);
-  }
-
-  private String extractClassNameFromStackFrame(String classNameOnStack) {
-    String name = null;
-    Matcher m = classNameRegex.matcher(classNameOnStack);
-    if (m.find()) {
-      name = (m.group(1) != null) ? m.group(1) : ((m.group(2) != null) ? m.group(2) : name);
-    } else {
-      name = classNameOnStack;
-    }
-    return name;
-  }
-
-  public synchronized UnitOfWork begin(UnitOfWork parent) {
-    try {
-      Class<? extends UnitOfWork> clazz = unitOfWorkClass;
-      Constructor<? extends UnitOfWork> ctor =
-          clazz.getConstructor(HelenusSession.class, UnitOfWork.class);
-      UnitOfWork uow = ctor.newInstance(this, parent);
-      if (LOG.isInfoEnabled() && uow.getPurpose() == null) {
-        StringBuilder purpose = null;
-        int frame = 0;
-        StackTraceElement[] trace = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
-        String targetClassName = HelenusSession.class.getSimpleName();
-        String stackClassName = null;
-        do {
-          frame++;
-          stackClassName = extractClassNameFromStackFrame(trace[frame].getClassName());
-        } while (!stackClassName.equals(targetClassName) && frame < trace.length);
-        do {
-          frame++;
-          stackClassName = extractClassNameFromStackFrame(trace[frame].getClassName());
-        } while (stackClassName.equals(targetClassName) && frame < trace.length);
-        if (frame < trace.length) {
-          purpose =
-              new StringBuilder()
-                  .append(trace[frame].getClassName())
-                  .append(".")
-                  .append(trace[frame].getMethodName())
-                  .append("(")
-                  .append(trace[frame].getFileName())
-                  .append(":")
-                  .append(trace[frame].getLineNumber())
-                  .append(")");
-          uow.setPurpose(purpose.toString());
-        }
-      }
-      if (parent != null) {
-        parent.addNestedUnitOfWork(uow);
-      }
-      return uow.begin();
-    } catch (NoSuchMethodException
-        | InvocationTargetException
-        | InstantiationException
-        | IllegalAccessException e) {
-      throw new HelenusException(
-          String.format(
-              "Unable to instantiate %s as a UnitOfWork.", unitOfWorkClass.getSimpleName()),
-          e);
-    }
-  }
-
   public <E> SelectOperation<E> select(E pojo) {
     Objects.requireNonNull(
         pojo, "supplied object must be a dsl for a registered entity but cannot be null");
@@ -424,9 +380,17 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
     return new SelectOperation<Fun.ArrayTuple>(this);
   }
 
-  public SelectOperation<Row> selectAll(Class<?> entityClass) {
+  public <E> SelectOperation<E> selectAll(Class<E> entityClass) {
     Objects.requireNonNull(entityClass, "entityClass is empty");
-    return new SelectOperation<Row>(this, Helenus.entity(entityClass));
+    HelenusEntity entity = Helenus.entity(entityClass);
+
+    return new SelectOperation<E>(
+        this,
+        entity,
+        (r) -> {
+          Map<String, Object> map = new ValueProviderMap(r, valueProvider, entity);
+          return (E) Helenus.map(entityClass, map);
+        });
   }
 
   public <E> SelectOperation<Row> selectAll(E pojo) {
@@ -699,23 +663,23 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
     } catch (HelenusMappingException e) {
     }
     if (entity != null) {
-      return new InsertOperation<T>(this, entity.getMappingInterface(), true);
+      return new InsertOperation<T>(this, entity, entity.getMappingInterface(), true);
     } else {
-      return this.<T>insert(pojo, null);
+      return this.<T>insert(pojo, null, null);
     }
   }
 
   public <T> InsertOperation<T> insert(Drafted draft) {
-    return insert(draft.build(), draft.mutated());
+    return insert(draft.build(), draft.mutated(), draft.read());
   }
 
-  private <T> InsertOperation<T> insert(T pojo, Set<String> mutations) {
+  private <T> InsertOperation<T> insert(T pojo, Set<String> mutations, Set<String> read) {
     Objects.requireNonNull(pojo, "pojo is empty");
 
     Class<?> iface = MappingUtil.getMappingInterface(pojo);
     HelenusEntity entity = Helenus.entity(iface);
 
-    return new InsertOperation<T>(this, entity, pojo, mutations, true);
+    return new InsertOperation<T>(this, entity, pojo, mutations, read, true);
   }
 
   public InsertOperation<ResultSet> upsert() {
@@ -727,7 +691,7 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
   }
 
   public <T> InsertOperation<T> upsert(Drafted draft) {
-    return this.<T>upsert((T) draft.build(), draft.mutated());
+    return this.<T>upsert((T) draft.build(), draft.mutated(), draft.read());
   }
 
   public <T> InsertOperation<T> upsert(T pojo) {
@@ -740,19 +704,19 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
     } catch (HelenusMappingException e) {
     }
     if (entity != null) {
-      return new InsertOperation<T>(this, entity.getMappingInterface(), false);
+      return new InsertOperation<T>(this, entity, entity.getMappingInterface(), false);
     } else {
-      return this.<T>upsert(pojo, null);
+      return this.<T>upsert(pojo, null, null);
     }
   }
 
-  private <T> InsertOperation<T> upsert(T pojo, Set<String> mutations) {
+  private <T> InsertOperation<T> upsert(T pojo, Set<String> mutations, Set<String> read) {
     Objects.requireNonNull(pojo, "pojo is empty");
 
     Class<?> iface = MappingUtil.getMappingInterface(pojo);
     HelenusEntity entity = Helenus.entity(iface);
 
-    return new InsertOperation<T>(this, entity, pojo, mutations, false);
+    return new InsertOperation<T>(this, entity, pojo, mutations, read, false);
   }
 
   public DeleteOperation delete() {
@@ -773,6 +737,9 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
   }
 
   public void close() {
+    if (session == null) {
+      return;
+    }
 
     if (session.isClosed()) {
       return;
@@ -803,11 +770,11 @@ public class HelenusSession extends AbstractSessionOperations implements Closeab
 
     switch (entity.getType()) {
       case TABLE:
-        execute(SchemaUtil.dropTable(entity), true);
+        execute(SchemaUtil.dropTable(entity));
         break;
 
       case UDT:
-        execute(SchemaUtil.dropUserType(entity), true);
+        execute(SchemaUtil.dropUserType(entity));
         break;
 
       default:

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/PostCommitFunction.java

@@ -6,20 +6,43 @@ import java.util.Objects;
 public class PostCommitFunction<T, R> implements java.util.function.Function<T, R> {
 
   private final UnitOfWork uow;
-  private final List<CommitThunk> postCommit;
+  private final List<CommitThunk> commitThunks;
+  private final List<CommitThunk> abortThunks;
+  private boolean committed;
 
-  PostCommitFunction(UnitOfWork uow, List<CommitThunk> postCommit) {
+  PostCommitFunction(
+      UnitOfWork uow,
+      List<CommitThunk> postCommit,
+      List<CommitThunk> abortThunks,
+      boolean committed) {
     this.uow = uow;
-    this.postCommit = postCommit;
+    this.commitThunks = postCommit;
+    this.abortThunks = abortThunks;
+    this.committed = committed;
   }
 
-  public void andThen(CommitThunk after) {
+  public PostCommitFunction<T, R> andThen(CommitThunk after) {
     Objects.requireNonNull(after);
-    if (postCommit == null) {
+    if (commitThunks == null) {
+      if (committed) {
         after.apply();
-    } else {
-      postCommit.add(after);
       }
+    } else {
+      commitThunks.add(after);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public PostCommitFunction<T, R> orElse(CommitThunk after) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(after);
+    if (abortThunks == null) {
+      if (!committed) {
+        after.apply();
+      }
+    } else {
+      abortThunks.add(after);
+    }
+    return this;
   }
 
   @Override

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/SchemaUtil.java

@@ -165,6 +165,14 @@ public final class SchemaUtil {
       }
     }
 
+    if (p.size() == 0 && c.size() == 0)
+      return "{"
+          + properties
+              .stream()
+              .map(HelenusProperty::getPropertyName)
+              .collect(Collectors.joining(", "))
+          + "}";
+
     return "("
         + ((p.size() > 1) ? "(" + String.join(", ", p) + ")" : p.get(0))
         + ((c.size() > 0)
@@ -329,7 +337,7 @@ public final class SchemaUtil {
 
   public static SchemaStatement createIndex(HelenusProperty prop) {
     if (prop.caseSensitiveIndex()) {
-      return SchemaBuilder.createIndex(prop.getIndexName().get().toCql())
+      return SchemaBuilder.createIndex(indexName(prop))
           .ifNotExists()
           .onTable(prop.getEntity().getName().toCql())
           .andColumn(prop.getColumnName().toCql());
@@ -398,7 +406,7 @@ public final class SchemaUtil {
   }
 
   public static SchemaStatement dropIndex(HelenusProperty prop) {
-    return SchemaBuilder.dropIndex(prop.getIndexName().get().toCql()).ifExists();
+    return SchemaBuilder.dropIndex(indexName(prop)).ifExists();
   }
 
   private static SchemaBuilder.Direction mapDirection(OrderingDirection o) {
@@ -457,4 +465,9 @@ public final class SchemaUtil {
     }
     return null;
   }
+
+  private static String indexName(HelenusProperty prop) {
+      return prop.getEntity().getName().toCql() + "_" + prop.getIndexName().get().toCql();
+  }
+
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/SessionInitializer.java

@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 package net.helenus.core;
 
-import brave.Tracer;
 import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.*;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.MoreExecutors;
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executor;
 import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
 import java.util.function.Consumer;
-import net.helenus.core.cache.SessionCache;
+import javax.cache.CacheManager;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.DslExportable;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusEntity;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusEntityType;
@@ -43,19 +42,26 @@ public final class SessionInitializer extends AbstractSessionOperations {
   private CodecRegistry registry;
   private String usingKeyspace;
   private boolean showCql = false;
+  private boolean showValues = true;
   private ConsistencyLevel consistencyLevel;
-  private boolean idempotent = true;
+  private boolean idempotent = false;
   private MetricRegistry metricRegistry = new MetricRegistry();
-  private Tracer zipkinTracer;
   private PrintStream printStream = System.out;
   private Executor executor = MoreExecutors.directExecutor();
-  private Class<? extends UnitOfWork> unitOfWorkClass = UnitOfWorkImpl.class;
   private SessionRepositoryBuilder sessionRepository;
   private boolean dropUnusedColumns = false;
   private boolean dropUnusedIndexes = false;
   private KeyspaceMetadata keyspaceMetadata;
   private AutoDdl autoDdl = AutoDdl.UPDATE;
-  private SessionCache sessionCache = null;
+  private CacheManager cacheManager = null;
+
+  SessionInitializer(Session session, String keyspace) {
+    this.session = session;
+    this.usingKeyspace = keyspace;
+    if (session != null) {
+      this.sessionRepository = new SessionRepositoryBuilder(session);
+    }
+  }
 
   SessionInitializer(Session session) {
     this.session = Objects.requireNonNull(session, "empty session");
@@ -103,28 +109,32 @@ public final class SessionInitializer extends AbstractSessionOperations {
     return this;
   }
 
+  public SessionInitializer showQueryValuesInLog(boolean showValues) {
+    this.showValues = showValues;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public SessionInitializer showQueryValuesInLog() {
+    this.showValues = true;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public boolean showValues() {
+    return showValues;
+  }
+
   public SessionInitializer metricRegistry(MetricRegistry metricRegistry) {
     this.metricRegistry = metricRegistry;
     return this;
   }
 
-  public SessionInitializer zipkinTracer(Tracer tracer) {
-    this.zipkinTracer = tracer;
-    return this;
-  }
-
-  public SessionInitializer setUnitOfWorkClass(Class<? extends UnitOfWork> e) {
-    this.unitOfWorkClass = e;
-    return this;
-  }
-
   public SessionInitializer consistencyLevel(ConsistencyLevel consistencyLevel) {
     this.consistencyLevel = consistencyLevel;
     return this;
   }
 
-  public SessionInitializer setSessionCache(SessionCache sessionCache) {
+  public SessionInitializer setCacheManager(CacheManager cacheManager) {
-    this.sessionCache = sessionCache;
+    this.cacheManager = cacheManager;
     return this;
   }
 
@@ -132,6 +142,11 @@ public final class SessionInitializer extends AbstractSessionOperations {
     return consistencyLevel;
   }
 
+  public SessionInitializer setOperationsIdempotentByDefault() {
+    this.idempotent = true;
+    return this;
+  }
+
   public SessionInitializer idempotentQueryExecution(boolean idempotent) {
     this.idempotent = idempotent;
     return this;
@@ -233,8 +248,10 @@ public final class SessionInitializer extends AbstractSessionOperations {
   }
 
   public SessionInitializer use(String keyspace) {
+    if (session != null) {
       session.execute(SchemaUtil.use(keyspace, false));
       this.usingKeyspace = keyspace;
+    }
     return this;
   }
 
@@ -255,16 +272,15 @@ public final class SessionInitializer extends AbstractSessionOperations {
         usingKeyspace,
         registry,
         showCql,
+        showValues,
         printStream,
         sessionRepository,
         executor,
         autoDdl == AutoDdl.CREATE_DROP,
         consistencyLevel,
         idempotent,
-        unitOfWorkClass,
+        cacheManager,
-        sessionCache,
+        metricRegistry);
-        metricRegistry,
-        zipkinTracer);
   }
 
   private void initialize() {
@@ -281,10 +297,16 @@ public final class SessionInitializer extends AbstractSessionOperations {
           }
 
           DslExportable dsl = (DslExportable) Helenus.dsl(iface);
+          if (session != null) {
             dsl.setCassandraMetadataForHelenusSession(session.getCluster().getMetadata());
+          }
+          if (sessionRepository != null) {
             sessionRepository.add(dsl);
+          }
         });
 
+    if (session == null) return;
+
     TableOperations tableOps = new TableOperations(this, dropUnusedColumns, dropUnusedIndexes);
     UserTypeOperations userTypeOps = new UserTypeOperations(this, dropUnusedColumns);
 

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/TableOperations.java

@@ -35,12 +35,12 @@ public final class TableOperations {
   }
 
   public void createTable(HelenusEntity entity) {
-    sessionOps.execute(SchemaUtil.createTable(entity), true);
+    sessionOps.execute(SchemaUtil.createTable(entity));
     executeBatch(SchemaUtil.createIndexes(entity));
   }
 
   public void dropTable(HelenusEntity entity) {
-    sessionOps.execute(SchemaUtil.dropTable(entity), true);
+    sessionOps.execute(SchemaUtil.dropTable(entity));
   }
 
   public void validateTable(TableMetadata tmd, HelenusEntity entity) {
@@ -79,17 +79,14 @@ public final class TableOperations {
   public void createView(HelenusEntity entity) {
     sessionOps.execute(
         SchemaUtil.createMaterializedView(
-            sessionOps.usingKeyspace(), entity.getName().toCql(), entity),
+            sessionOps.usingKeyspace(), entity.getName().toCql(), entity));
-        true);
+    // executeBatch(SchemaUtil.createIndexes(entity)); NOTE: Unfortunately C* 3.10 does not yet support 2i on materialized views.
-    // executeBatch(SchemaUtil.createIndexes(entity)); NOTE: Unfortunately C* 3.10
-    // does not yet support 2i on materialized views.
   }
 
   public void dropView(HelenusEntity entity) {
     sessionOps.execute(
         SchemaUtil.dropMaterializedView(
-            sessionOps.usingKeyspace(), entity.getName().toCql(), entity),
+            sessionOps.usingKeyspace(), entity.getName().toCql(), entity));
-        true);
   }
 
   public void updateView(TableMetadata tmd, HelenusEntity entity) {
@@ -104,9 +101,6 @@ public final class TableOperations {
 
   private void executeBatch(List<SchemaStatement> list) {
 
-    list.forEach(
+    list.forEach(s -> sessionOps.execute(s));
-        s -> {
-          sessionOps.execute(s, true);
-        });
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/UnitOfWork.java

@@ -15,12 +15,164 @@
  */
 package net.helenus.core;
 
-import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
+import static net.helenus.core.HelenusSession.deleted;
-import java.util.List;
-import java.util.Optional;
-import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
 
-public interface UnitOfWork<X extends Exception> extends AutoCloseable {
+import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
+import com.google.common.collect.HashBasedTable;
+import com.google.common.collect.Table;
+import com.google.common.collect.TreeTraverser;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.*;
+import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.regex.Matcher;
+import java.util.regex.Pattern;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import javax.cache.Cache;
+import javax.cache.CacheManager;
+import javax.cache.integration.CacheLoader;
+import javax.cache.integration.CacheLoaderException;
+import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
+import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
+import net.helenus.core.cache.MapCache;
+import net.helenus.core.operation.AbstractOperation;
+import net.helenus.core.operation.BatchOperation;
+import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
+import net.helenus.support.Either;
+import net.helenus.support.HelenusException;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.SerializationUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+/** Encapsulates the concept of a "transaction" as a unit-of-work. */
+public class UnitOfWork implements AutoCloseable {
+
+  private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UnitOfWork.class);
+  private static final Pattern classNameRegex =
+      Pattern.compile("^(?:\\w+\\.)+(?:(\\w+)|(\\w+)\\$.*)$");
+
+  private final List<UnitOfWork> nested = new ArrayList<>();
+  private final HelenusSession session;
+  public final UnitOfWork parent;
+  private final Table<String, String, Either<Object, List<Facet>>> cache = HashBasedTable.create();
+  private final MapCache<String, Object> statementCache;
+  protected String purpose;
+  protected List<String> nestedPurposes = new ArrayList<String>();
+  protected String info;
+  protected int cacheHits = 0;
+  protected int cacheMisses = 0;
+  protected int databaseLookups = 0;
+  protected final Stopwatch elapsedTime;
+  protected Map<String, Double> databaseTime = new HashMap<>();
+  protected double cacheLookupTimeMSecs = 0.0;
+  private List<CommitThunk> commitThunks = new ArrayList<CommitThunk>();
+  private List<CommitThunk> abortThunks = new ArrayList<CommitThunk>();
+  private List<CompletableFuture<?>> asyncOperationFutures = new ArrayList<CompletableFuture<?>>();
+  private boolean aborted = false;
+  private boolean committed = false;
+  private long committedAt = 0L;
+  private BatchOperation batch;
+
+  private String extractClassNameFromStackFrame(String classNameOnStack) {
+    String name = null;
+    Matcher m = classNameRegex.matcher(classNameOnStack);
+    if (m.find()) {
+      name = (m.group(1) != null) ? m.group(1) : ((m.group(2) != null) ? m.group(2) : name);
+    } else {
+      name = classNameOnStack;
+    }
+    return name;
+  }
+
+  public UnitOfWork(HelenusSession session) {
+    this(session, null);
+  }
+
+  public UnitOfWork(HelenusSession session, UnitOfWork parent) {
+    Objects.requireNonNull(session, "containing session cannot be null");
+
+    this.parent = parent;
+    if (parent != null) {
+      parent.addNestedUnitOfWork(this);
+    }
+    this.session = session;
+    CacheLoader cacheLoader = null;
+    if (parent != null) {
+      cacheLoader =
+          new CacheLoader<String, Object>() {
+
+            Cache<String, Object> cache = parent.getCache();
+
+            @Override
+            public Object load(String key) throws CacheLoaderException {
+              return cache.get(key);
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public Map<String, Object> loadAll(Iterable<? extends String> keys)
+                throws CacheLoaderException {
+              Map<String, Object> kvp = new HashMap<String, Object>();
+              for (String key : keys) {
+                kvp.put(key, cache.get(key));
+              }
+              return kvp;
+            }
+          };
+    }
+    this.elapsedTime = Stopwatch.createUnstarted();
+    this.statementCache =
+        new MapCache<String, Object>(null, "UOW(" + hashCode() + ")", cacheLoader, true);
+
+    if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+      StringBuilder purpose = null;
+      int frame = 0;
+      StackTraceElement[] trace = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace();
+      String targetClassName = HelenusSession.class.getSimpleName();
+      String stackClassName = null;
+      do {
+        frame++;
+        stackClassName = extractClassNameFromStackFrame(trace[frame].getClassName());
+      } while (!stackClassName.equals(targetClassName) && frame < trace.length);
+      do {
+        frame++;
+        stackClassName = extractClassNameFromStackFrame(trace[frame].getClassName());
+      } while (stackClassName.equals(targetClassName) && frame < trace.length);
+      if (frame < trace.length) {
+        purpose =
+            new StringBuilder()
+                .append(trace[frame].getClassName())
+                .append(".")
+                .append(trace[frame].getMethodName())
+                .append("(")
+                .append(trace[frame].getFileName())
+                .append(":")
+                .append(trace[frame].getLineNumber())
+                .append(")");
+        this.purpose = purpose.toString();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void addDatabaseTime(String name, Stopwatch amount) {
+    Double time = databaseTime.get(name);
+    if (time == null) {
+      databaseTime.put(name, (double) amount.elapsed(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS));
+    } else {
+      databaseTime.put(name, time + amount.elapsed(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS));
+    }
+  }
+
+  public void addCacheLookupTime(Stopwatch amount) {
+    cacheLookupTimeMSecs += amount.elapsed(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS);
+  }
+
+  public void addNestedUnitOfWork(UnitOfWork uow) {
+    synchronized (nested) {
+      nested.add(uow);
+    }
+  }
 
   /**
    * Marks the beginning of a transactional section of work. Will write a
@@ -28,44 +180,437 @@ public interface UnitOfWork<X extends Exception> extends AutoCloseable {
    *
    * @return the handle used to commit or abort the work.
    */
-  UnitOfWork<X> begin();
+  public synchronized UnitOfWork begin() {
+    elapsedTime.start();
+    // log.record(txn::start)
+    return this;
+  }
 
-  void addNestedUnitOfWork(UnitOfWork<X> uow);
+  public String getPurpose() {
+    return purpose;
+  }
+
+  public UnitOfWork setPurpose(String purpose) {
+    this.purpose = purpose;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public void addFuture(CompletableFuture<?> future) {
+    asyncOperationFutures.add(future);
+  }
+
+  public void setInfo(String info) {
+    this.info = info;
+  }
+
+  public void recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(int cache, int ops) {
+    if (cache > 0) {
+      cacheHits += cache;
+    } else {
+      cacheMisses += Math.abs(cache);
+    }
+    if (ops > 0) {
+      databaseLookups += ops;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public String logTimers(String what) {
+    double e = (double) elapsedTime.elapsed(TimeUnit.MICROSECONDS) / 1000.0;
+    double d = 0.0;
+    double c = cacheLookupTimeMSecs / 1000.0;
+    double fc = (c / e) * 100.0;
+    String database = "";
+    if (databaseTime.size() > 0) {
+      List<String> dbt = new ArrayList<>(databaseTime.size());
+      for (Map.Entry<String, Double> dt : databaseTime.entrySet()) {
+        double t = dt.getValue() / 1000.0;
+        d += t;
+        dbt.add(String.format("%s took %,.3fms %,2.2f%%", dt.getKey(), t, (t / e) * 100.0));
+      }
+      double fd = (d / e) * 100.0;
+      database =
+          String.format(
+              ", %d quer%s (%,.3fms %,2.2f%% - %s)",
+              databaseLookups, (databaseLookups > 1) ? "ies" : "y", d, fd, String.join(", ", dbt));
+    }
+    String cache = "";
+    if (cacheLookupTimeMSecs > 0) {
+      int cacheLookups = cacheHits + cacheMisses;
+      cache =
+          String.format(
+              " with %d cache lookup%s (%,.3fms %,2.2f%% - %,d hit, %,d miss)",
+              cacheLookups, cacheLookups > 1 ? "s" : "", c, fc, cacheHits, cacheMisses);
+    }
+    String da = "";
+    if (databaseTime.size() > 0 || cacheLookupTimeMSecs > 0) {
+      double dat = d + c;
+      double daf = (dat / e) * 100;
+      da =
+          String.format(
+              " consuming %,.3fms for data access, or %,2.2f%% of total UOW time.", dat, daf);
+    }
+    String x = nestedPurposes.stream().distinct().collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
+    String n =
+        nested
+            .stream()
+            .map(uow -> String.valueOf(uow.hashCode()))
+            .collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
+    String s =
+        String.format(
+            Locale.US,
+            "UOW(%s%s) %s in %,.3fms%s%s%s%s%s%s",
+            hashCode(),
+            (nested.size() > 0 ? ", [" + n + "]" : ""),
+            what,
+            e,
+            cache,
+            database,
+            da,
+            (purpose == null ? "" : " " + purpose),
+            (nestedPurposes.isEmpty()) ? "" : ", " + x,
+            (info == null) ? "" : " " + info);
+    return s;
+  }
+
+  private void applyPostCommitFunctions(String what, List<CommitThunk> thunks) {
+    if (!thunks.isEmpty()) {
+      for (CommitThunk f : thunks) {
+        f.apply();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  public Optional<Object> cacheLookup(List<Facet> facets) {
+    String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
+    Optional<Object> result = Optional.empty();
+    for (Facet facet : facets) {
+      if (!facet.fixed()) {
+        String columnName = facet.name() + "==" + facet.value();
+        Either<Object, List<Facet>> eitherValue = cache.get(tableName, columnName);
+        if (eitherValue != null) {
+          Object value = deleted;
+          if (eitherValue.isLeft()) {
+            value = eitherValue.getLeft();
+          }
+          return Optional.of(value);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Be sure to check all enclosing UnitOfWork caches as well, we may be nested.
+    result = checkParentCache(facets);
+    if (result.isPresent()) {
+      Object r = result.get();
+      Class<?> iface = MappingUtil.getMappingInterface(r);
+      if (Helenus.entity(iface).isDraftable()) {
+        cacheUpdate(r, facets);
+      } else {
+        cacheUpdate(SerializationUtils.<Serializable>clone((Serializable) r), facets);
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  private Optional<Object> checkParentCache(List<Facet> facets) {
+    Optional<Object> result = Optional.empty();
+    if (parent != null) {
+      result = parent.checkParentCache(facets);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public List<Facet> cacheEvict(List<Facet> facets) {
+    Either<Object, List<Facet>> deletedObjectFacets = Either.right(facets);
+    String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
+    Optional<Object> optionalValue = cacheLookup(facets);
+
+    for (Facet facet : facets) {
+      if (!facet.fixed()) {
+        String columnKey = facet.name() + "==" + facet.value();
+        // mark the value identified by the facet to `deleted`
+        cache.put(tableName, columnKey, deletedObjectFacets);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Now, look for other row/col pairs that referenced the same object, mark them
+    // `deleted` if the cache had a value before we added the deleted marker objects.
+    if (optionalValue.isPresent()) {
+      Object value = optionalValue.get();
+      cache
+          .columnKeySet()
+          .forEach(
+              columnKey -> {
+                Either<Object, List<Facet>> eitherCachedValue = cache.get(tableName, columnKey);
+                if (eitherCachedValue.isLeft()) {
+                  Object cachedValue = eitherCachedValue.getLeft();
+                  if (cachedValue == value) {
+                    cache.put(tableName, columnKey, deletedObjectFacets);
+                    String[] parts = columnKey.split("==");
+                    facets.add(new Facet<String>(parts[0], parts[1]));
+                  }
+                }
+              });
+    }
+    return facets;
+  }
+
+  public Cache<String, Object> getCache() {
+    return statementCache;
+  }
+
+  public Object cacheUpdate(Object value, List<Facet> facets) {
+    Object result = null;
+    String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
+    for (Facet facet : facets) {
+      if (!facet.fixed()) {
+        if (facet.alone()) {
+          String columnName = facet.name() + "==" + facet.value();
+          if (result == null) result = cache.get(tableName, columnName);
+          cache.put(tableName, columnName, Either.left(value));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  public void batch(AbstractOperation s) {
+    if (batch == null) {
+      batch = new BatchOperation(session);
+    }
+    batch.add(s);
+  }
+
+  private Iterator<UnitOfWork> getChildNodes() {
+    return nested.iterator();
+  }
 
   /**
    * Checks to see if the work performed between calling begin and now can be committed or not.
    *
    * @return a function from which to chain work that only happens when commit is successful
-   * @throws X when the work overlaps with other concurrent writers.
+   * @throws HelenusException when the work overlaps with other concurrent writers.
    */
-  PostCommitFunction<Void, Void> commit() throws X;
+  public synchronized PostCommitFunction<Void, Void> commit()
+      throws HelenusException, TimeoutException {
+
+    if (isDone()) {
+      return new PostCommitFunction(this, null, null, false);
+    }
+
+    // Only the outer-most UOW batches statements for commit time, execute them.
+    if (batch != null) {
+      committedAt = batch.sync(this); //TODO(gburd): update cache with writeTime...
+    }
+
+    // All nested UnitOfWork should be committed (not aborted) before calls to
+    // commit, check.
+    boolean canCommit = true;
+    TreeTraverser<UnitOfWork> traverser = TreeTraverser.using(node -> node::getChildNodes);
+    for (UnitOfWork uow : traverser.postOrderTraversal(this)) {
+      if (this != uow) {
+        canCommit &= (!uow.aborted && uow.committed);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!canCommit) {
+
+      if (parent == null) {
+
+        // Apply all post-commit abort functions, this is the outer-most UnitOfWork.
+        traverser
+            .postOrderTraversal(this)
+            .forEach(
+                uow -> {
+                  applyPostCommitFunctions("aborted", abortThunks);
+                });
+
+        elapsedTime.stop();
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+          LOG.info(logTimers("aborted"));
+        }
+      }
+
+      return new PostCommitFunction(this, null, null, false);
+    } else {
+      committed = true;
+      aborted = false;
+
+      if (parent == null) {
+
+        // Apply all post-commit commit functions, this is the outer-most UnitOfWork.
+        traverser
+            .postOrderTraversal(this)
+            .forEach(
+                uow -> {
+                  applyPostCommitFunctions("committed", uow.commitThunks);
+                });
+
+        // Merge our statement cache into the session cache if it exists.
+        CacheManager cacheManager = session.getCacheManager();
+        if (cacheManager != null) {
+          for (Map.Entry<String, Object> entry :
+              (Set<Map.Entry<String, Object>>) statementCache.<Map>unwrap(Map.class).entrySet()) {
+            String[] keyParts = entry.getKey().split("\\.");
+            if (keyParts.length == 2) {
+              String cacheName = keyParts[0];
+              String key = keyParts[1];
+              if (!StringUtils.isBlank(cacheName) && !StringUtils.isBlank(key)) {
+                Cache<Object, Object> cache = cacheManager.getCache(cacheName);
+                if (cache != null) {
+                  Object value = entry.getValue();
+                  if (value == deleted) {
+                    cache.remove(key);
+                  } else {
+                    cache.put(key.toString(), value);
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        // Merge our cache into the session cache.
+        session.mergeCache(cache);
+
+        // Spoil any lingering futures that may be out there.
+        asyncOperationFutures.forEach(
+            f ->
+                f.completeExceptionally(
+                    new HelenusException(
+                        "Futures must be resolved before their unit of work has committed/aborted.")));
+
+        elapsedTime.stop();
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
+          LOG.info(logTimers("committed"));
+        }
+
+        return new PostCommitFunction(this, null, null, true);
+      } else {
+
+        // Merge cache and statistics into parent if there is one.
+        parent.statementCache.putAll(statementCache.<Map>unwrap(Map.class));
+        parent.mergeCache(cache);
+        parent.addBatched(batch);
+        if (purpose != null) {
+          parent.nestedPurposes.add(purpose);
+        }
+        parent.cacheHits += cacheHits;
+        parent.cacheMisses += cacheMisses;
+        parent.databaseLookups += databaseLookups;
+        parent.cacheLookupTimeMSecs += cacheLookupTimeMSecs;
+        for (Map.Entry<String, Double> dt : databaseTime.entrySet()) {
+          String name = dt.getKey();
+          if (parent.databaseTime.containsKey(name)) {
+            double t = parent.databaseTime.get(name);
+            parent.databaseTime.put(name, t + dt.getValue());
+          } else {
+            parent.databaseTime.put(name, dt.getValue());
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // TODO(gburd): hopefully we'll be able to detect conflicts here and so we'd want to...
+    // else {
+    // Constructor<T> ctor = clazz.getConstructor(conflictExceptionClass);
+    // T object = ctor.newInstance(new Object[] { String message });
+    // }
+    return new PostCommitFunction(this, commitThunks, abortThunks, true);
+  }
+
+  private void addBatched(BatchOperation batch) {
+    if (batch != null) {
+      if (this.batch == null) {
+        this.batch = batch;
+      } else {
+        this.batch.addAll(batch);
+      }
+    }
+  }
 
   /**
    * Explicitly abort the work within this unit of work. Any nested aborted unit of work will
    * trigger the entire unit of work to commit.
    */
-  void abort();
+  public synchronized void abort() {
+    if (!aborted) {
+      aborted = true;
 
-  boolean hasAborted();
+      // Spoil any pending futures created within the context of this unit of work.
+      asyncOperationFutures.forEach(
+          f ->
+              f.completeExceptionally(
+                  new HelenusException(
+                      "Futures must be resolved before their unit of work has committed/aborted.")));
 
-  boolean hasCommitted();
+      TreeTraverser<UnitOfWork> traverser = TreeTraverser.using(node -> node::getChildNodes);
+      traverser
+          .postOrderTraversal(this)
+          .forEach(
+              uow -> {
+                applyPostCommitFunctions("aborted", uow.abortThunks);
+                uow.abortThunks.clear();
+              });
 
-  Optional<Object> cacheLookup(List<Facet> facets);
+      if (parent == null) {
-
+        elapsedTime.stop();
-  void cacheUpdate(Object pojo, List<Facet> facets);
+        if (LOG.isInfoEnabled()) {
-
+          LOG.info(logTimers("aborted"));
-  List<Facet> cacheEvict(List<Facet> facets);
+        }
-
+      }
-  String getPurpose();
+
-
+      // TODO(gburd): when we integrate the transaction support we'll need to...
-  UnitOfWork setPurpose(String purpose);
+      // log.record(txn::abort)
-
+      // cache.invalidateSince(txn::start time)
-  void setInfo(String info);
+    }
-
+  }
-  void addDatabaseTime(String name, Stopwatch amount);
+
-
+  private void mergeCache(Table<String, String, Either<Object, List<Facet>>> from) {
-  void addCacheLookupTime(Stopwatch amount);
+    Table<String, String, Either<Object, List<Facet>>> to = this.cache;
-
+    from.rowMap()
-  // Cache > 0 means "cache hit", < 0 means cache miss.
+        .forEach(
-  void recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(int cache, int database);
+            (rowKey, columnMap) -> {
+              columnMap.forEach(
+                  (columnKey, value) -> {
+                    if (to.contains(rowKey, columnKey)) {
+                      to.put(
+                          rowKey,
+                          columnKey,
+                          Either.left(
+                              CacheUtil.merge(
+                                  to.get(rowKey, columnKey).getLeft(),
+                                  from.get(rowKey, columnKey).getLeft())));
+                    } else {
+                      to.put(rowKey, columnKey, from.get(rowKey, columnKey));
+                    }
+                  });
+            });
+  }
+
+  public boolean isDone() {
+    return aborted || committed;
+  }
+
+  public String describeConflicts() {
+    return "it's complex...";
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void close() throws HelenusException {
+    // Closing a UnitOfWork will abort iff we've not already aborted or committed this unit of work.
+    if (aborted == false && committed == false) {
+      abort();
+    }
+  }
+
+  public boolean hasAborted() {
+    return aborted;
+  }
+
+  public boolean hasCommitted() {
+    return committed;
+  }
+
+  public long committedAt() {
+    return committedAt;
+  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/UserTypeOperations.java

@@ -33,12 +33,12 @@ public final class UserTypeOperations {
 
   public void createUserType(HelenusEntity entity) {
 
-    sessionOps.execute(SchemaUtil.createUserType(entity), true);
+    sessionOps.execute(SchemaUtil.createUserType(entity));
   }
 
   public void dropUserType(HelenusEntity entity) {
 
-    sessionOps.execute(SchemaUtil.dropUserType(entity), true);
+    sessionOps.execute(SchemaUtil.dropUserType(entity));
   }
 
   public void validateUserType(UserType userType, HelenusEntity entity) {
@@ -71,9 +71,6 @@ public final class UserTypeOperations {
 
   private void executeBatch(List<SchemaStatement> list) {
 
-    list.forEach(
+    list.forEach(s -> sessionOps.execute(s));
-        s -> {
-          sessionOps.execute(s, true);
-        });
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/cache/BoundFacet.java

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package net.helenus.core.cache;
 
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
 
@@ -29,6 +30,10 @@ public class BoundFacet extends Facet<String> {
     this.properties.put(property, value);
   }
 
+  public Set<HelenusProperty> getProperties() {
+    return properties.keySet();
+  }
+
   public BoundFacet(String name, Map<HelenusProperty, Object> properties) {
     super(
         name,

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/cache/CacheUtil.java

@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
 package net.helenus.core.cache;
 
 import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.Arrays;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.Entity;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.MapExportable;
+import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusEntity;
+import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
+import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
+import net.helenus.mapping.value.BeanColumnValueProvider;
 
 public class CacheUtil {
 
@@ -29,6 +38,16 @@ public class CacheUtil {
     }
   }
 
+  public static List<String> flatKeys(String table, List<Facet> facets) {
+    return flattenFacets(facets)
+        .stream()
+        .map(
+            combination -> {
+              return table + "." + Arrays.toString(combination);
+            })
+        .collect(Collectors.toList());
+  }
+
   public static List<String[]> flattenFacets(List<Facet> facets) {
     List<String[]> combinations =
         CacheUtil.combinations(
@@ -41,26 +60,137 @@ public class CacheUtil {
                       return facet.name() + "==" + facet.value();
                     })
                 .collect(Collectors.toList()));
+    // TODO(gburd): rework so as to not generate the combinations at all rather than filter
+    facets =
+        facets
+            .stream()
+            .filter(f -> !f.fixed())
+            .filter(f -> !f.alone() || !f.combined())
+            .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    for (Facet facet : facets) {
+      combinations =
+          combinations
+              .stream()
+              .filter(
+                  combo -> {
+                    // When used alone, this facet is not distinct so don't use it as a key.
+                    if (combo.length == 1) {
+                      if (!facet.alone() && combo[0].startsWith(facet.name() + "==")) {
+                        return false;
+                      }
+                    } else {
+                      if (!facet.combined()) {
+                        for (String c : combo) {
+                          // Don't use this facet in combination with others to create keys.
+                          if (c.startsWith(facet.name() + "==")) {
+                            return false;
+                          }
+                        }
+                      }
+                    }
+                    return true;
+                  })
+              .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    }
     return combinations;
   }
 
-  public static Object merge(Object to, Object from) {
+  /** Merge changed values in the map behind `from` into `to`. */
-    if (to == from) {
+  public static Object merge(Object t, Object f) {
-      return to;
+    HelenusEntity entity = Helenus.resolve(MappingUtil.getMappingInterface(t));
-    } else {
+
-      return from;
+    if (t == f) return t;
+    if (f == null) return t;
+    if (t == null) return f;
+
+    if (t instanceof MapExportable
+        && t instanceof Entity
+        && f instanceof MapExportable
+        && f instanceof Entity) {
+      Entity to = (Entity) t;
+      Entity from = (Entity) f;
+      Map<String, Object> toValueMap = ((MapExportable) to).toMap();
+      Map<String, Object> fromValueMap = ((MapExportable) from).toMap();
+      for (HelenusProperty prop : entity.getOrderedProperties()) {
+        switch (prop.getColumnType()) {
+          case PARTITION_KEY:
+          case CLUSTERING_COLUMN:
+            continue;
+          default:
+            Object toVal = BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(to, -1, prop, false);
+            Object fromVal = BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(from, -1, prop, false);
+            String ttlKey = ttlKey(prop);
+            String writeTimeKey = writeTimeKey(prop);
+            int[] toTtlI = (int[]) toValueMap.get(ttlKey);
+            int toTtl = (toTtlI != null) ? toTtlI[0] : 0;
+            Long toWriteTime = (Long) toValueMap.get(writeTimeKey);
+            int[] fromTtlI = (int[]) fromValueMap.get(ttlKey);
+            int fromTtl = (fromTtlI != null) ? fromTtlI[0] : 0;
+            Long fromWriteTime = (Long) fromValueMap.get(writeTimeKey);
+
+            if (toVal != null) {
+              if (fromVal != null) {
+                if (toVal == fromVal) {
+                  // Case: object identity
+                  // Goal: ensure write time and ttl are also in sync
+                  if (fromWriteTime != null
+                      && fromWriteTime != 0L
+                      && (toWriteTime == null || fromWriteTime > toWriteTime)) {
+                    ((MapExportable) to).put(writeTimeKey, fromWriteTime);
                   }
-    /*
+                  if (fromTtl > 0 && fromTtl > toTtl) {
-     * // TODO(gburd): take ttl and writeTime into account when merging. Map<String,
+                    ((MapExportable) to).put(ttlKey, fromTtl);
-     * Object> toValueMap = to instanceof MapExportable ? ((MapExportable)
+                  }
-     * to).toMap() : null; Map<String, Object> fromValueMap = to instanceof
+                } else if (fromWriteTime != null && fromWriteTime != 0L) {
-     * MapExportable ? ((MapExportable) from).toMap() : null;
+                  // Case: to exists and from exists
-     *
+                  // Goal: copy over from -> to iff from.writeTime > to.writeTime
-     * if (toValueMap != null && fromValueMap != null) { for (String key :
+                  if (toWriteTime != null && toWriteTime != 0L) {
-     * fromValueMap.keySet()) { if (toValueMap.containsKey(key) &&
+                    if (fromWriteTime > toWriteTime) {
-     * toValueMap.get(key) != fromValueMap.get(key)) { toValueMap.put(key,
+                      ((MapExportable) to).put(prop.getPropertyName(), fromVal);
-     * fromValueMap.get(key)); } } } return to;
+                      ((MapExportable) to).put(writeTimeKey, fromWriteTime);
-     */
+                      if (fromTtl > 0) {
+                        ((MapExportable) to).put(ttlKey, fromTtl);
+                      }
+                    }
+                  } else {
+                    ((MapExportable) to).put(prop.getPropertyName(), fromVal);
+                    ((MapExportable) to).put(writeTimeKey, fromWriteTime);
+                    if (fromTtl > 0) {
+                      ((MapExportable) to).put(ttlKey, fromTtl);
+                    }
+                  }
+                } else {
+                  if (toWriteTime == null || toWriteTime == 0L) {
+                    // Caution, entering grey area...
+                    if (!toVal.equals(fromVal)) {
+                      // dangerous waters here, values diverge without information that enables resolution,
+                      // policy (for now) is to move value from -> to anyway.
+                      ((MapExportable) to).put(prop.getPropertyName(), fromVal);
+                      if (fromTtl > 0) {
+                        ((MapExportable) to).put(ttlKey, fromTtl);
+                      }
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+            } else {
+              // Case: from exists, but to doesn't (it's null)
+              // Goal: copy over from -> to, include ttl and writeTime if present
+              if (fromVal != null) {
+                ((MapExportable) to).put(prop.getPropertyName(), fromVal);
+                if (fromWriteTime != null && fromWriteTime != 0L) {
+                  ((MapExportable) to).put(writeTimeKey, fromWriteTime);
+                }
+                if (fromTtl > 0) {
+                  ((MapExportable) to).put(ttlKey, fromTtl);
+                }
+              }
+            }
+        }
+      }
+      return to;
+    }
+    return t;
   }
 
   public static String schemaName(List<Facet> facets) {
@@ -70,4 +200,22 @@ public class CacheUtil {
         .map(facet -> facet.value().toString())
         .collect(Collectors.joining("."));
   }
+
+  public static String writeTimeKey(HelenusProperty prop) {
+    return writeTimeKey(prop.getColumnName().toCql(false));
+  }
+
+  public static String ttlKey(HelenusProperty prop) {
+    return ttlKey(prop.getColumnName().toCql(false));
+  }
+
+  public static String writeTimeKey(String columnName) {
+    String key = "_" + columnName + "_writeTime";
+    return key.toLowerCase();
+  }
+
+  public static String ttlKey(String columnName) {
+    String key = "_" + columnName + "_ttl";
+    return key.toLowerCase();
+  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/cache/Facet.java

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ public class Facet<T> {
   private final String name;
   private T value;
   private boolean fixed = false;
+  private boolean alone = true;
+  private boolean combined = true;
 
   public Facet(String name) {
     this.name = name;
@@ -47,4 +49,20 @@ public class Facet<T> {
   public boolean fixed() {
     return fixed;
   }
+
+  public void setUniquelyIdentifyingWhenAlone(boolean alone) {
+    this.alone = alone;
+  }
+
+  public void setUniquelyIdentifyingWhenCombined(boolean combined) {
+    this.combined = combined;
+  }
+
+  public boolean alone() {
+    return alone;
+  }
+
+  public boolean combined() {
+    return combined;
+  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/cache/MapCache.java

@@ -0,0 +1,457 @@
+package net.helenus.core.cache;
+
+
+import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.Iterator;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import javax.cache.Cache;
+import javax.cache.CacheManager;
+import javax.cache.configuration.CacheEntryListenerConfiguration;
+import javax.cache.configuration.Configuration;
+import javax.cache.event.CacheEntryRemovedListener;
+import javax.cache.integration.CacheLoader;
+import javax.cache.integration.CompletionListener;
+import javax.cache.processor.EntryProcessor;
+import javax.cache.processor.EntryProcessorException;
+import javax.cache.processor.EntryProcessorResult;
+import javax.cache.processor.MutableEntry;
+
+public class MapCache<K, V> implements Cache<K, V> {
+  private final CacheManager manager;
+  private final String name;
+  private Map<K, V> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>();
+  private Set<CacheEntryRemovedListener> cacheEntryRemovedListeners = new HashSet<>();
+  private CacheLoader<K, V> cacheLoader = null;
+  private boolean isReadThrough = false;
+  private Configuration<K, V> configuration = new MapConfiguration<K, V>();
+
+  private static class MapConfiguration<K, V> implements Configuration<K, V> {
+
+    @Override
+    public Class<K> getKeyType() {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Class<V> getValueType() {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public boolean isStoreByValue() {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  public MapCache(
+      CacheManager manager, String name, CacheLoader<K, V> cacheLoader, boolean isReadThrough) {
+    this.manager = manager;
+    this.name = name;
+    this.cacheLoader = cacheLoader;
+    this.isReadThrough = isReadThrough;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public V get(K key) {
+    V value = null;
+    synchronized (map) {
+      value = map.get(key);
+      if (value == null && isReadThrough && cacheLoader != null) {
+        V loadedValue = cacheLoader.load(key);
+        if (loadedValue != null) {
+          map.put(key, loadedValue);
+          value = loadedValue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public Map<K, V> getAll(Set<? extends K> keys) {
+    Map<K, V> result = null;
+    synchronized (map) {
+      result = new HashMap<K, V>(keys.size());
+      for (K key : keys) {
+        V value = map.get(key);
+        if (value != null) {
+          result.put(key, value);
+          keys.remove(key);
+        }
+      }
+      if (isReadThrough && cacheLoader != null) {
+        for (K key : keys) {
+          Map<K, V> loadedValues = cacheLoader.loadAll(keys);
+          for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : loadedValues.entrySet()) {
+            V v = entry.getValue();
+            if (v != null) {
+              K k = entry.getKey();
+              map.put(k, v);
+              result.put(k, v);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public boolean containsKey(K key) {
+    return map.containsKey(key);
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void loadAll(
+      Set<? extends K> keys, boolean replaceExistingValues, CompletionListener completionListener) {
+    if (cacheLoader != null) {
+      try {
+        synchronized (map) {
+          Map<K, V> loadedValues = cacheLoader.loadAll(keys);
+          for (Map.Entry<K, V> entry : loadedValues.entrySet()) {
+            V value = entry.getValue();
+            K key = entry.getKey();
+            if (value != null) {
+              boolean existsCurrently = map.containsKey(key);
+              if (!existsCurrently || replaceExistingValues) {
+                map.put(key, value);
+                keys.remove(key);
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      } catch (Exception e) {
+        if (completionListener != null) {
+          completionListener.onException(e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (completionListener != null) {
+      if (keys.isEmpty()) {
+        completionListener.onCompletion();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void put(K key, V value) {
+    map.put(key, value);
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public V getAndPut(K key, V value) {
+    V result = null;
+    synchronized (map) {
+      result = map.get(key);
+      if (value == null && isReadThrough && cacheLoader != null) {
+        V loadedValue = cacheLoader.load(key);
+        if (loadedValue != null) {
+          map.put(key, value);
+          value = loadedValue;
+        }
+      }
+      map.put(key, value);
+    }
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void putAll(Map<? extends K, ? extends V> map) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      for (Map.Entry<? extends K, ? extends V> entry : map.entrySet()) {
+        this.map.put(entry.getKey(), entry.getValue());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public boolean putIfAbsent(K key, V value) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      if (!map.containsKey(key)) {
+        map.put(key, value);
+        return true;
+      } else {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public boolean remove(K key) {
+    boolean removed = false;
+    synchronized (map) {
+      removed = map.remove(key) != null;
+      notifyRemovedListeners(key);
+    }
+    return removed;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public boolean remove(K key, V oldValue) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      V value = map.get(key);
+      if (value != null && oldValue.equals(value)) {
+        map.remove(key);
+        notifyRemovedListeners(key);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public V getAndRemove(K key) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      V oldValue = null;
+      oldValue = map.get(key);
+      map.remove(key);
+      notifyRemovedListeners(key);
+      return oldValue;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public boolean replace(K key, V oldValue, V newValue) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      V value = map.get(key);
+      if (value != null && oldValue.equals(value)) {
+        map.put(key, newValue);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public boolean replace(K key, V value) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      if (map.containsKey(key)) {
+        map.put(key, value);
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public V getAndReplace(K key, V value) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      V oldValue = map.get(key);
+      if (value != null && value.equals(oldValue)) {
+        map.put(key, value);
+        return oldValue;
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void removeAll(Set<? extends K> keys) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      for (K key : keys) {
+        if (map.containsKey(key)) {
+          map.remove(key);
+        } else {
+          keys.remove(key);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    notifyRemovedListeners(keys);
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void removeAll() {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      Set<K> keys = map.keySet();
+      map.clear();
+      notifyRemovedListeners(keys);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void clear() {
+    map.clear();
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public <C extends Configuration<K, V>> C getConfiguration(Class<C> clazz) {
+    if (!MapConfiguration.class.isAssignableFrom(clazz)) {
+      throw new IllegalArgumentException();
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public <T> T invoke(K key, EntryProcessor<K, V, T> entryProcessor, Object... arguments)
+      throws EntryProcessorException {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public <T> Map<K, EntryProcessorResult<T>> invokeAll(
+      Set<? extends K> keys, EntryProcessor<K, V, T> entryProcessor, Object... arguments) {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      for (K key : keys) {
+        V value = map.get(key);
+        if (value != null) {
+          entryProcessor.process(
+              new MutableEntry<K, V>() {
+                @Override
+                public boolean exists() {
+                  return map.containsKey(key);
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void remove() {
+                  synchronized (map) {
+                    V value = map.get(key);
+                    if (value != null) {
+                      map.remove(key);
+                      notifyRemovedListeners(key);
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public K getKey() {
+                  return key;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public V getValue() {
+                  return map.get(value);
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> clazz) {
+                  return null;
+                }
+
+                @Override
+                public void setValue(V value) {
+                  map.put(key, value);
+                }
+              },
+              arguments);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public String getName() {
+    return name;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public CacheManager getCacheManager() {
+    return manager;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void close() {}
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public boolean isClosed() {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> clazz) {
+    return (T) map;
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void registerCacheEntryListener(
+      CacheEntryListenerConfiguration<K, V> cacheEntryListenerConfiguration) {
+    //cacheEntryRemovedListeners.add(cacheEntryListenerConfiguration.getCacheEntryListenerFactory().create());
+  }
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public void deregisterCacheEntryListener(
+      CacheEntryListenerConfiguration<K, V> cacheEntryListenerConfiguration) {}
+
+  /** {@inheritDoc} */
+  @Override
+  public Iterator<Entry<K, V>> iterator() {
+    synchronized (map) {
+      return new Iterator<Entry<K, V>>() {
+
+        Iterator<Map.Entry<K, V>> entries = map.entrySet().iterator();
+
+        @Override
+        public boolean hasNext() {
+          return entries.hasNext();
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public Entry<K, V> next() {
+          Map.Entry<K, V> entry = entries.next();
+          return new Entry<K, V>() {
+            K key = entry.getKey();
+            V value = entry.getValue();
+
+            @Override
+            public K getKey() {
+              return key;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public V getValue() {
+              return value;
+            }
+
+            @Override
+            public <T> T unwrap(Class<T> clazz) {
+              return null;
+            }
+          };
+        }
+
+        @Override
+        public void remove() {
+          throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
+        }
+      };
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void notifyRemovedListeners(K key) {
+    //      if (cacheEntryRemovedListeners != null) {
+    //          cacheEntryRemovedListeners.forEach(listener -> listener.onRemoved())
+    //      }
+  }
+
+  private void notifyRemovedListeners(Set<? extends K> keys) {}
+}

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/cache/SessionCache.java

@@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
-/*
- *      Copyright (C) 2015 The Helenus Authors
- *
- *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- *   limitations under the License.
- */
-
-package net.helenus.core.cache;
-
-import com.google.common.cache.CacheBuilder;
-import com.google.common.cache.RemovalListener;
-import com.google.common.cache.RemovalNotification;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
-import org.slf4j.Logger;
-import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
-
-public interface SessionCache<K, V> {
-
-  static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(SessionCache.class);
-
-  static <K, V> SessionCache<K, V> defaultCache() {
-    GuavaCache<K, V> cache;
-    RemovalListener<K, V> listener =
-        new RemovalListener<K, V>() {
-          @Override
-          public void onRemoval(RemovalNotification<K, V> n) {
-            if (n.wasEvicted()) {
-              String cause = n.getCause().name();
-              LOG.info(cause);
-            }
-          }
-        };
-
-    cache =
-        new GuavaCache<K, V>(
-            CacheBuilder.newBuilder()
-                .maximumSize(25_000)
-                .expireAfterAccess(5, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
-                .softValues()
-                .removalListener(listener)
-                .build());
-
-    return cache;
-  }
-
-  void invalidate(K key);
-
-  V get(K key);
-
-  void put(K key, V value);
-}

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/cache/UnboundFacet.java

@@ -25,16 +25,30 @@ import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
 public class UnboundFacet extends Facet<String> {
 
   private final List<HelenusProperty> properties;
+  private final boolean alone;
+  private final boolean combined;
 
-  public UnboundFacet(List<HelenusProperty> properties) {
+  public UnboundFacet(List<HelenusProperty> properties, boolean alone, boolean combined) {
     super(SchemaUtil.createPrimaryKeyPhrase(properties));
     this.properties = properties;
+    this.alone = alone;
+    this.combined = combined;
   }
 
-  public UnboundFacet(HelenusProperty property) {
+  public UnboundFacet(List<HelenusProperty> properties) {
+    this(properties, true, true);
+  }
+
+  public UnboundFacet(HelenusProperty property, boolean alone, boolean combined) {
     super(property.getPropertyName());
     properties = new ArrayList<HelenusProperty>();
     properties.add(property);
+    this.alone = alone;
+    this.combined = combined;
+  }
+
+  public UnboundFacet(HelenusProperty property) {
+    this(property, true, true);
   }
 
   public List<HelenusProperty> getProperties() {
@@ -42,18 +56,22 @@ public class UnboundFacet extends Facet<String> {
   }
 
   public Binder binder() {
-    return new Binder(name(), properties);
+    return new Binder(name(), properties, alone, combined);
   }
 
   public static class Binder {
 
     private final String name;
+    private final boolean alone;
+    private final boolean combined;
     private final List<HelenusProperty> properties = new ArrayList<HelenusProperty>();
     private Map<HelenusProperty, Object> boundProperties = new HashMap<HelenusProperty, Object>();
 
-    Binder(String name, List<HelenusProperty> properties) {
+    Binder(String name, List<HelenusProperty> properties, boolean alone, boolean combined) {
       this.name = name;
       this.properties.addAll(properties);
+      this.alone = alone;
+      this.combined = combined;
     }
 
     public Binder setValueForProperty(HelenusProperty prop, Object value) {
@@ -67,7 +85,10 @@ public class UnboundFacet extends Facet<String> {
     }
 
     public BoundFacet bind() {
-      return new BoundFacet(name, boundProperties);
+      BoundFacet facet = new BoundFacet(name, boundProperties);
+      facet.setUniquelyIdentifyingWhenAlone(alone);
+      facet.setUniquelyIdentifyingWhenCombined(combined);
+      return facet;
     }
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/AbstractFilterOperation.java

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import java.util.*;
 import net.helenus.core.*;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.UnboundFacet;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.HelenusPropertyNode;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
 
 public abstract class AbstractFilterOperation<E, O extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, O>>
@@ -108,6 +109,28 @@ public abstract class AbstractFilterOperation<E, O extends AbstractFilterOperati
     ifFilters.add(filter);
   }
 
+  @Override
+  protected boolean isIdempotentOperation() {
+    if (filters == null) {
+      return super.isIdempotentOperation();
+    }
+
+    return filters
+            .stream()
+            .anyMatch(
+                filter -> {
+                  HelenusPropertyNode node = filter.getNode();
+                  if (node != null) {
+                    HelenusProperty prop = node.getProperty();
+                    if (prop != null) {
+                      return prop.isIdempotent();
+                    }
+                  }
+                  return false;
+                })
+        || super.isIdempotentOperation();
+  }
+
   protected List<Facet> bindFacetValues(List<Facet> facets) {
     if (facets == null) {
       return new ArrayList<Facet>();

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/AbstractFilterStreamOperation.java

@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractFilterStreamOperation<
 
   public <V> O where(Getter<V> getter, Operator operator, V val) {
 
-    addFilter(Filter.create(getter, operator, val));
+    if (val != null) addFilter(Filter.create(getter, operator, val));
 
     return (O) this;
   }
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractFilterStreamOperation<
 
   public <V> O and(Getter<V> getter, Operator operator, V val) {
 
-    addFilter(Filter.create(getter, operator, val));
+    if (val != null) addFilter(Filter.create(getter, operator, val));
 
     return (O) this;
   }
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractFilterStreamOperation<
 
   public <V> O onlyIf(Getter<V> getter, Operator operator, V val) {
 
-    addIfFilter(Filter.create(getter, operator, val));
+    if (val != null) addIfFilter(Filter.create(getter, operator, val));
 
     return (O) this;
   }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/AbstractOperation.java

@@ -41,13 +41,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractOperation<E, O extends AbstractOperation<E, O>>
     try {
       ResultSet resultSet =
           this.execute(
-              sessionOps,
+              sessionOps, null, queryExecutionTimeout, queryTimeoutUnits, showValues, false);
-              null,
-              traceContext,
-              queryExecutionTimeout,
-              queryTimeoutUnits,
-              showValues,
-              false);
       return transform(resultSet);
     } finally {
       context.stop();
@@ -60,14 +54,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractOperation<E, O extends AbstractOperation<E, O>>
     final Timer.Context context = requestLatency.time();
     try {
       ResultSet resultSet =
-          execute(
+          execute(sessionOps, uow, queryExecutionTimeout, queryTimeoutUnits, showValues, true);
-              sessionOps,
-              uow,
-              traceContext,
-              queryExecutionTimeout,
-              queryTimeoutUnits,
-              showValues,
-              true);
       E result = transform(resultSet);
       return result;
     } finally {
@@ -88,7 +75,8 @@ public abstract class AbstractOperation<E, O extends AbstractOperation<E, O>>
 
   public CompletableFuture<E> async(UnitOfWork uow) {
     if (uow == null) return async();
-    return CompletableFuture.<E>supplyAsync(
+    CompletableFuture<E> f =
+        CompletableFuture.<E>supplyAsync(
             () -> {
               try {
                 return sync();
@@ -96,5 +84,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractOperation<E, O extends AbstractOperation<E, O>>
                 throw new CompletionException(ex);
               }
             });
+    uow.addFuture(f);
+    return f;
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/AbstractOptionalOperation.java

@@ -24,15 +24,20 @@ import com.google.common.base.Function;
 import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import net.helenus.core.AbstractSessionOperations;
+import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
 import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
+import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
+import net.helenus.support.Fun;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.SerializationUtils;
 
 public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O>>
     extends AbstractStatementOperation<E, O> {
@@ -64,10 +69,12 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
     try {
       Optional<E> result = Optional.empty();
       E cacheResult = null;
-      boolean updateCache = isSessionCacheable() && checkCache;
+      boolean updateCache = isSessionCacheable() && !ignoreCache();
 
-      if (checkCache && isSessionCacheable()) {
+      if (updateCache) {
         List<Facet> facets = bindFacetValues();
+        if (facets != null && facets.size() > 0) {
+          if (facets.stream().filter(f -> !f.fixed()).distinct().count() > 0) {
             String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
             cacheResult = (E) sessionOps.checkCache(tableName, facets);
             if (cacheResult != null) {
@@ -80,6 +87,10 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
               cacheMiss.mark();
             }
           }
+        } else {
+          //TODO(gburd): look in statement cache for results
+        }
+      }
 
       if (!result.isPresent()) {
         // Formulate the query and execute it against the Cassandra cluster.
@@ -87,20 +98,24 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
             this.execute(
                 sessionOps,
                 null,
-                traceContext,
                 queryExecutionTimeout,
                 queryTimeoutUnits,
                 showValues,
-                false);
+                isSessionCacheable());
 
         // Transform the query result set into the desired shape.
         result = transform(resultSet);
       }
 
       if (updateCache && result.isPresent()) {
+        E r = result.get();
+        Class<?> resultClass = r.getClass();
+        if (!(resultClass.getEnclosingClass() != null
+            && resultClass.getEnclosingClass() == Fun.class)) {
           List<Facet> facets = getFacets();
           if (facets != null && facets.size() > 1) {
-          sessionOps.updateCache(result.get(), facets);
+            sessionOps.updateCache(r, facets);
+          }
         }
       }
       return result;
@@ -109,7 +124,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
     }
   }
 
-  public Optional<E> sync(UnitOfWork<?> uow) throws TimeoutException {
+  public Optional<E> sync(UnitOfWork uow) throws TimeoutException {
     if (uow == null) return sync();
 
     final Timer.Context context = requestLatency.time();
@@ -119,11 +134,12 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
       E cachedResult = null;
       final boolean updateCache;
 
-      if (checkCache) {
+      if (!ignoreCache()) {
         Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
         try {
           List<Facet> facets = bindFacetValues();
-          if (facets != null) {
+          if (facets != null && facets.size() > 0) {
+            if (facets.stream().filter(f -> !f.fixed()).distinct().count() > 0) {
               cachedResult = checkCache(uow, facets);
               if (cachedResult != null) {
                 updateCache = false;
@@ -132,23 +148,41 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
                 cacheHits.mark();
                 uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(1, 0);
               } else {
-              updateCache = true;
                 uowCacheMiss.mark();
                 if (isSessionCacheable()) {
                   String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
                   cachedResult = (E) sessionOps.checkCache(tableName, facets);
                   if (cachedResult != null) {
+                    Class<?> iface = MappingUtil.getMappingInterface(cachedResult);
+                    if (Helenus.entity(iface).isDraftable()) {
                       result = Optional.of(cachedResult);
+                    } else {
+                      result =
+                          Optional.of(
+                              (E)
+                                  SerializationUtils.<Serializable>clone(
+                                      (Serializable) cachedResult));
+                    }
+                    updateCache = false;
                     sessionCacheHits.mark();
                     cacheHits.mark();
                     uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(1, 0);
                   } else {
+                    updateCache = true;
                     sessionCacheMiss.mark();
                     cacheMiss.mark();
                     uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(-1, 0);
                   }
+                } else {
+                  updateCache = false;
                 }
               }
+            } else {
+              //TODO(gburd): look in statement cache for results
+              updateCache = false; //true;
+              cacheMiss.mark();
+              uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(-1, 0);
+            }
           } else {
             updateCache = false;
           }
@@ -171,14 +205,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
 
         // Formulate the query and execute it against the Cassandra cluster.
         ResultSet resultSet =
-            execute(
+            execute(sessionOps, uow, queryExecutionTimeout, queryTimeoutUnits, showValues, true);
-                sessionOps,
-                uow,
-                traceContext,
-                queryExecutionTimeout,
-                queryTimeoutUnits,
-                showValues,
-                true);
 
         // Transform the query result set into the desired shape.
         result = transform(resultSet);
@@ -186,8 +213,11 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
 
       // If we have a result, it wasn't from the UOW cache, and we're caching things
       // then we need to put this result into the cache for future requests to find.
-      if (updateCache && result.isPresent() && result.get() != deleted) {
+      if (updateCache && result.isPresent()) {
-        cacheUpdate(uow, result.get(), getFacets());
+        E r = result.get();
+        if (!(r instanceof Fun) && r != deleted) {
+          cacheUpdate(uow, r, getFacets());
+        }
       }
 
       return result;
@@ -207,9 +237,10 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
         });
   }
 
-  public CompletableFuture<Optional<E>> async(UnitOfWork<?> uow) {
+  public CompletableFuture<Optional<E>> async(UnitOfWork uow) {
     if (uow == null) return async();
-    return CompletableFuture.<Optional<E>>supplyAsync(
+    CompletableFuture<Optional<E>> f =
+        CompletableFuture.<Optional<E>>supplyAsync(
             () -> {
               try {
                 return sync();
@@ -217,5 +248,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractOptionalOperation<E, O extends AbstractOptionalOpe
                 throw new CompletionException(ex);
               }
             });
+    uow.addFuture(f);
+    return f;
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/AbstractStatementOperation.java

@@ -15,8 +15,6 @@
  */
 package net.helenus.core.operation;
 
-import brave.Tracer;
-import brave.propagation.TraceContext;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.ConsistencyLevel;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.PreparedStatement;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.RegularStatement;
@@ -43,19 +41,14 @@ import net.helenus.support.HelenusException;
 
 public abstract class AbstractStatementOperation<E, O extends AbstractStatementOperation<E, O>>
     extends Operation<E> {
-
+  private boolean ignoreCache = false;
-  protected boolean checkCache = true;
-  protected boolean showValues = true;
-  protected TraceContext traceContext;
-  long queryExecutionTimeout = 10;
-  TimeUnit queryTimeoutUnits = TimeUnit.SECONDS;
   private ConsistencyLevel consistencyLevel;
   private ConsistencyLevel serialConsistencyLevel;
   private RetryPolicy retryPolicy;
-  private boolean idempotent = false;
   private boolean enableTracing = false;
   private long[] defaultTimestamp = null;
   private int[] fetchSize = null;
+  protected boolean idempotent = false;
 
   public AbstractStatementOperation(AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations) {
     super(sessionOperations);
@@ -66,12 +59,12 @@ public abstract class AbstractStatementOperation<E, O extends AbstractStatementO
   public abstract Statement buildStatement(boolean cached);
 
   public O uncached(boolean enabled) {
-    checkCache = enabled;
+    ignoreCache = !enabled;
     return (O) this;
   }
 
   public O uncached() {
-    checkCache = false;
+    ignoreCache = true;
     return (O) this;
   }
 
@@ -252,22 +245,16 @@ public abstract class AbstractStatementOperation<E, O extends AbstractStatementO
       statement.setFetchSize(fetchSize[0]);
     }
 
-    if (idempotent) {
+    if (isIdempotentOperation()) {
       statement.setIdempotent(true);
     }
 
     return statement;
   }
 
-  public O zipkinContext(TraceContext traceContext) {
+  @Override
-    if (traceContext != null) {
+  protected boolean isIdempotentOperation() {
-      Tracer tracer = this.sessionOps.getZipkinTracer();
+    return idempotent;
-      if (tracer != null) {
-        this.traceContext = traceContext;
-      }
-    }
-
-    return (O) this;
   }
 
   public Statement statement() {
@@ -313,7 +300,11 @@ public abstract class AbstractStatementOperation<E, O extends AbstractStatementO
     throw new HelenusException("only RegularStatements can be prepared");
   }
 
-  protected E checkCache(UnitOfWork<?> uow, List<Facet> facets) {
+  protected boolean ignoreCache() {
+    return ignoreCache;
+  }
+
+  protected E checkCache(UnitOfWork uow, List<Facet> facets) {
     E result = null;
     Optional<Object> optionalCachedResult = Optional.empty();
 
@@ -327,7 +318,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractStatementOperation<E, O extends AbstractStatementO
     return result;
   }
 
-  protected void cacheUpdate(UnitOfWork<?> uow, E pojo, List<Facet> identifyingFacets) {
+  protected Object cacheUpdate(UnitOfWork uow, E pojo, List<Facet> identifyingFacets) {
     List<Facet> facets = new ArrayList<>();
     Map<String, Object> valueMap =
         pojo instanceof MapExportable ? ((MapExportable) pojo).toMap() : null;
@@ -359,6 +350,6 @@ public abstract class AbstractStatementOperation<E, O extends AbstractStatementO
     }
 
     // Cache the value (pojo), the statement key, and the fully bound facets.
-    uow.cacheUpdate(pojo, facets);
+    return uow.cacheUpdate(pojo, facets);
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/AbstractStreamOperation.java

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import com.google.common.base.Function;
 import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.Futures;
 import com.google.common.util.concurrent.ListenableFuture;
+import java.io.Serializable;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture;
@@ -31,9 +32,13 @@ import java.util.concurrent.CompletionException;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 import net.helenus.core.AbstractSessionOperations;
+import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
 import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
+import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
+import net.helenus.support.Fun;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.SerializationUtils;
 
 public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperation<E, O>>
     extends AbstractStatementOperation<E, O> {
@@ -67,8 +72,10 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
       E cacheResult = null;
       boolean updateCache = isSessionCacheable();
 
-      if (checkCache && isSessionCacheable()) {
+      if (!ignoreCache() && isSessionCacheable()) {
         List<Facet> facets = bindFacetValues();
+        if (facets != null && facets.size() > 0) {
+          if (facets.stream().filter(f -> !f.fixed()).distinct().count() > 0) {
             String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
             cacheResult = (E) sessionOps.checkCache(tableName, facets);
             if (cacheResult != null) {
@@ -80,6 +87,10 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
               sessionCacheMiss.mark();
               cacheMiss.mark();
             }
+          } else {
+            //TODO(gburd): look in statement cache for results
+          }
+        }
       }
 
       if (resultStream == null) {
@@ -88,11 +99,10 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
             this.execute(
                 sessionOps,
                 null,
-                traceContext,
                 queryExecutionTimeout,
                 queryTimeoutUnits,
                 showValues,
-                false);
+                isSessionCacheable());
 
         // Transform the query result set into the desired shape.
         resultStream = transform(resultSet);
@@ -104,7 +114,11 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
           List<E> again = new ArrayList<>();
           resultStream.forEach(
               result -> {
+                Class<?> resultClass = result.getClass();
+                if (!(resultClass.getEnclosingClass() != null
+                    && resultClass.getEnclosingClass() == Fun.class)) {
                   sessionOps.updateCache(result, facets);
+                }
                 again.add(result);
               });
           resultStream = again.stream();
@@ -126,11 +140,12 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
       E cachedResult = null;
       final boolean updateCache;
 
-      if (checkCache) {
+      if (!ignoreCache()) {
         Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
         try {
           List<Facet> facets = bindFacetValues();
-          if (facets != null) {
+          if (facets != null && facets.size() > 0) {
+            if (facets.stream().filter(f -> !f.fixed()).distinct().count() > 0) {
               cachedResult = checkCache(uow, facets);
               if (cachedResult != null) {
                 updateCache = false;
@@ -139,23 +154,40 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
                 cacheHits.mark();
                 uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(1, 0);
               } else {
-              updateCache = true;
                 uowCacheMiss.mark();
                 if (isSessionCacheable()) {
                   String tableName = CacheUtil.schemaName(facets);
                   cachedResult = (E) sessionOps.checkCache(tableName, facets);
                   if (cachedResult != null) {
-                  resultStream = Stream.of(cachedResult);
+                    Class<?> iface = MappingUtil.getMappingInterface(cachedResult);
+                    E result = null;
+                    if (Helenus.entity(iface).isDraftable()) {
+                      result = cachedResult;
+                    } else {
+                      result =
+                          (E) SerializationUtils.<Serializable>clone((Serializable) cachedResult);
+                    }
+                    updateCache = false;
+                    resultStream = Stream.of(result);
                     sessionCacheHits.mark();
                     cacheHits.mark();
                     uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(1, 0);
                   } else {
+                    updateCache = true;
                     sessionCacheMiss.mark();
                     cacheMiss.mark();
                     uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(-1, 0);
                   }
+                } else {
+                  updateCache = false;
                 }
               }
+            } else {
+              //TODO(gburd): look in statement cache for results
+              updateCache = false; //true;
+              cacheMiss.mark();
+              uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(-1, 0);
+            }
           } else {
             updateCache = false;
           }
@@ -170,33 +202,29 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
       // Check to see if we fetched the object from the cache
       if (resultStream == null) {
         ResultSet resultSet =
-            execute(
+            execute(sessionOps, uow, queryExecutionTimeout, queryTimeoutUnits, showValues, true);
-                sessionOps,
-                uow,
-                traceContext,
-                queryExecutionTimeout,
-                queryTimeoutUnits,
-                showValues,
-                true);
         resultStream = transform(resultSet);
       }
 
       // If we have a result and we're caching then we need to put it into the cache
       // for future requests to find.
       if (resultStream != null) {
+        if (updateCache) {
           List<E> again = new ArrayList<>();
           List<Facet> facets = getFacets();
           resultStream.forEach(
               result -> {
-              if (result != deleted) {
+                Class<?> resultClass = result.getClass();
-                if (updateCache) {
+                if (result != deleted
-                  cacheUpdate(uow, result, facets);
+                    && !(resultClass.getEnclosingClass() != null
+                        && resultClass.getEnclosingClass() == Fun.class)) {
+                  result = (E) cacheUpdate(uow, result, facets);
                 }
                 again.add(result);
-              }
               });
           resultStream = again.stream();
         }
+      }
 
       return resultStream;
     } finally {
@@ -217,7 +245,8 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
 
   public CompletableFuture<Stream<E>> async(UnitOfWork uow) {
     if (uow == null) return async();
-    return CompletableFuture.<Stream<E>>supplyAsync(
+    CompletableFuture<Stream<E>> f =
+        CompletableFuture.<Stream<E>>supplyAsync(
             () -> {
               try {
                 return sync();
@@ -225,5 +254,7 @@ public abstract class AbstractStreamOperation<E, O extends AbstractStreamOperati
                 throw new CompletionException(ex);
               }
             });
+    uow.addFuture(f);
+    return f;
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/BatchOperation.java

@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+/*
+ *      Copyright (C) 2015 The Helenus Authors
+ *
+ *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *   limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.helenus.core.operation;
+
+import com.codahale.metrics.Timer;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.AtomicMonotonicTimestampGenerator;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.BatchStatement;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.ResultSet;
+import com.datastax.driver.core.TimestampGenerator;
+import com.google.common.base.Stopwatch;
+import java.util.ArrayList;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
+import net.helenus.core.AbstractSessionOperations;
+import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
+import net.helenus.support.HelenusException;
+
+public class BatchOperation extends Operation<Long> {
+  //TODO(gburd): find the way to get the driver's timestamp generator
+  private static final TimestampGenerator timestampGenerator =
+      new AtomicMonotonicTimestampGenerator();
+
+  private final BatchStatement batch;
+  private List<AbstractOperation<?, ?>> operations = new ArrayList<AbstractOperation<?, ?>>();
+  private boolean logged = true;
+
+  public BatchOperation(AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations) {
+    super(sessionOperations);
+    batch = new BatchStatement();
+  }
+
+  public void add(AbstractOperation<?, ?> operation) {
+    operations.add(operation);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public BatchStatement buildStatement(boolean cached) {
+    batch.addAll(
+        operations.stream().map(o -> o.buildStatement(cached)).collect(Collectors.toList()));
+    batch.setConsistencyLevel(sessionOps.getDefaultConsistencyLevel());
+    return batch;
+  }
+
+  public BatchOperation logged() {
+    logged = true;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public BatchOperation setLogged(boolean logStatements) {
+    logged = logStatements;
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  public Long sync() throws TimeoutException {
+    if (operations.size() == 0) return 0L;
+    final Timer.Context context = requestLatency.time();
+    try {
+      batch.setDefaultTimestamp(timestampGenerator.next());
+      ResultSet resultSet =
+          this.execute(
+              sessionOps, null, queryExecutionTimeout, queryTimeoutUnits, showValues, false);
+      if (!resultSet.wasApplied()) {
+        throw new HelenusException("Failed to apply batch.");
+      }
+    } finally {
+      context.stop();
+    }
+    return batch.getDefaultTimestamp();
+  }
+
+  public Long sync(UnitOfWork uow) throws TimeoutException {
+    if (operations.size() == 0) return 0L;
+    if (uow == null) return sync();
+
+    final Timer.Context context = requestLatency.time();
+    final Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
+    try {
+      uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(0, 1);
+      batch.setDefaultTimestamp(timestampGenerator.next());
+      ResultSet resultSet =
+          this.execute(
+              sessionOps, uow, queryExecutionTimeout, queryTimeoutUnits, showValues, false);
+      if (!resultSet.wasApplied()) {
+        throw new HelenusException("Failed to apply batch.");
+      }
+    } finally {
+      context.stop();
+      timer.stop();
+    }
+    uow.addDatabaseTime("Cassandra", timer);
+    return batch.getDefaultTimestamp();
+  }
+
+  public void addAll(BatchOperation batch) {
+    batch.operations.forEach(o -> this.operations.add(o));
+  }
+
+  public String toString() {
+    return toString(true); //TODO(gburd): sessionOps.showQueryValues()
+  }
+
+  public String toString(boolean showValues) {
+    StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
+    s.append("BEGIN ");
+    if (!logged) {
+      s.append("UNLOGGED ");
+    }
+    s.append("BATCH ");
+
+    if (batch.getDefaultTimestamp() > -9223372036854775808L) {
+      s.append("USING TIMESTAMP ").append(String.valueOf(batch.getDefaultTimestamp())).append(" ");
+    }
+    s.append(
+        operations
+            .stream()
+            .map(o -> Operation.queryString(o.buildStatement(showValues), showValues))
+            .collect(Collectors.joining(" ")));
+    s.append(" APPLY BATCH;");
+    return s.toString();
+  }
+}

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/CountOperation.java

@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ public final class CountOperation extends AbstractFilterOperation<Long, CountOpe
   public CountOperation(AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations, HelenusEntity entity) {
     super(sessionOperations);
     this.entity = entity;
+    //TODO(gburd): cache SELECT COUNT results within the scope of a UOW
   }
 
   @Override

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/DeleteOperation.java

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.HelenusPropertyNode;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusEntity;
+import net.helenus.support.HelenusException;
 import net.helenus.support.HelenusMappingException;
 
 public final class DeleteOperation extends AbstractFilterOperation<ResultSet, DeleteOperation> {
@@ -133,6 +134,10 @@ public final class DeleteOperation extends AbstractFilterOperation<ResultSet, De
     return bindFacetValues(getFacets());
   }
 
+  protected boolean isIdempotentOperation() {
+    return true;
+  }
+
   @Override
   public ResultSet sync() throws TimeoutException {
     ResultSet result = super.sync();
@@ -152,6 +157,16 @@ public final class DeleteOperation extends AbstractFilterOperation<ResultSet, De
     return result;
   }
 
+  public ResultSet batch(UnitOfWork uow) throws TimeoutException {
+    if (uow == null) {
+      throw new HelenusException("UnitOfWork cannot be null when batching operations.");
+    }
+
+    uow.cacheEvict(bindFacetValues());
+    uow.batch(this);
+    return null;
+  }
+
   @Override
   public List<Facet> getFacets() {
     return entity.getFacets();

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/InsertOperation.java

@@ -22,15 +22,17 @@ import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.QueryBuilder;
 import java.util.*;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import java.util.function.Function;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import net.helenus.core.AbstractSessionOperations;
 import net.helenus.core.Getter;
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
 import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
+import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.UnboundFacet;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.DefaultPrimitiveTypes;
-import net.helenus.core.reflect.Drafted;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.HelenusPropertyNode;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.MapExportable;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusEntity;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
 import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
@@ -45,26 +47,44 @@ public final class InsertOperation<T> extends AbstractOperation<T, InsertOperati
       new ArrayList<Fun.Tuple2<HelenusPropertyNode, Object>>();
   private final T pojo;
   private final Class<?> resultType;
+  private final Set<String> readSet;
   private HelenusEntity entity;
   private boolean ifNotExists;
 
   private int[] ttl;
   private long[] timestamp;
+  private long writeTime = 0L;
 
   public InsertOperation(AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations, boolean ifNotExists) {
     super(sessionOperations);
 
-    this.ifNotExists = ifNotExists;
     this.pojo = null;
+    this.readSet = null;
+    this.ifNotExists = ifNotExists;
     this.resultType = ResultSet.class;
   }
 
+  public InsertOperation(
+      AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations,
+      HelenusEntity entity,
+      Class<?> resultType,
+      boolean ifNotExists) {
+    super(sessionOperations);
+
+    this.pojo = null;
+    this.readSet = null;
+    this.ifNotExists = ifNotExists;
+    this.resultType = resultType;
+    this.entity = entity;
+  }
+
   public InsertOperation(
       AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations, Class<?> resultType, boolean ifNotExists) {
     super(sessionOperations);
 
-    this.ifNotExists = ifNotExists;
     this.pojo = null;
+    this.readSet = null;
+    this.ifNotExists = ifNotExists;
     this.resultType = resultType;
   }
 
@@ -73,11 +93,13 @@ public final class InsertOperation<T> extends AbstractOperation<T, InsertOperati
       HelenusEntity entity,
       T pojo,
       Set<String> mutations,
+      Set<String> read,
       boolean ifNotExists) {
     super(sessionOperations);
 
-    this.entity = entity;
     this.pojo = pojo;
+    this.readSet = read;
+    this.entity = entity;
     this.ifNotExists = ifNotExists;
     this.resultType = entity.getMappingInterface();
 
@@ -136,8 +158,32 @@ public final class InsertOperation<T> extends AbstractOperation<T, InsertOperati
 
   @Override
   public BuiltStatement buildStatement(boolean cached) {
-
+    List<HelenusEntity> entities =
-    values.forEach(t -> addPropertyNode(t._1));
+        values
+            .stream()
+            .map(t -> t._1.getProperty().getEntity())
+            .distinct()
+            .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    if (entities.size() != 1) {
+      throw new HelenusMappingException(
+          "you can insert only single entity at a time, found: "
+              + entities
+                  .stream()
+                  .map(e -> e.getMappingInterface().toString())
+                  .collect(Collectors.joining(", ")));
+    }
+    HelenusEntity entity = entities.get(0);
+    if (this.entity != null) {
+      if (this.entity != entity) {
+        throw new HelenusMappingException(
+            "you can insert only single entity at a time, found: "
+                + this.entity.getMappingInterface().toString()
+                + ", "
+                + entity.getMappingInterface().toString());
+      }
+    } else {
+      this.entity = entity;
+    }
 
     if (values.isEmpty()) return null;
 
@@ -156,6 +202,8 @@ public final class InsertOperation<T> extends AbstractOperation<T, InsertOperati
           insert.value(t._1.getColumnName(), t._2);
         });
 
+    //TODO(gburd): IF NOT EXISTS when @Constraints.Relationship is 1:1 or 1:m
+
     if (this.ttl != null) {
       insert.using(QueryBuilder.ttl(this.ttl[0]));
     }
@@ -166,16 +214,9 @@ public final class InsertOperation<T> extends AbstractOperation<T, InsertOperati
     return insert;
   }
 
-  @Override
+  private T newInstance(Class<?> iface) {
-  public T transform(ResultSet resultSet) {
-    if ((ifNotExists == true) && (resultSet.wasApplied() == false)) {
-      throw new HelenusException("Statement was not applied due to consistency constraints");
-    }
-
-    Class<?> iface = entity.getMappingInterface();
-    if (resultType == iface) {
     if (values.size() > 0) {
-        boolean immutable = iface.isAssignableFrom(Drafted.class);
+      boolean immutable = entity.isDraftable();
       Collection<HelenusProperty> properties = entity.getOrderedProperties();
       Map<String, Object> backingMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(properties.size());
 
@@ -216,9 +257,24 @@ public final class InsertOperation<T> extends AbstractOperation<T, InsertOperati
       // Lastly, create a new proxy object for the entity and return the new instance.
       return (T) Helenus.map(iface, backingMap);
     }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public T transform(ResultSet resultSet) {
+    if ((ifNotExists == true) && (resultSet.wasApplied() == false)) {
+      throw new HelenusException("Statement was not applied due to consistency constraints");
+    }
+
+    Class<?> iface = entity.getMappingInterface();
+    if (resultType == iface) {
+      T o = newInstance(iface);
+      if (o == null) {
         // Oddly, this insert didn't change anything so simply return the pojo.
         return (T) pojo;
       }
+      return o;
+    }
     return (T) resultSet;
   }
 
@@ -234,23 +290,48 @@ public final class InsertOperation<T> extends AbstractOperation<T, InsertOperati
     return this;
   }
 
-  private void addPropertyNode(HelenusPropertyNode p) {
+  protected void adjustTtlAndWriteTime(MapExportable pojo) {
-    if (entity == null) {
+    if (ttl != null || writeTime != 0L) {
-      entity = p.getEntity();
+      List<String> columnNames =
-    } else if (entity != p.getEntity()) {
+          values
-      throw new HelenusMappingException(
+              .stream()
-          "you can insert only single entity "
+              .map(t -> t._1.getProperty())
-              + entity.getMappingInterface()
+              .filter(
-              + " or "
+                  prop -> {
-              + p.getEntity().getMappingInterface());
+                    switch (prop.getColumnType()) {
+                      case PARTITION_KEY:
+                      case CLUSTERING_COLUMN:
+                        return false;
+                      default:
+                        return true;
                     }
+                  })
+              .map(prop -> prop.getColumnName().toCql(false))
+              .collect(Collectors.toList());
+
+      if (columnNames.size() > 0) {
+        if (ttl != null) {
+          columnNames.forEach(name -> pojo.put(CacheUtil.ttlKey(name), ttl));
+        }
+        if (writeTime != 0L) {
+          columnNames.forEach(name -> pojo.put(CacheUtil.writeTimeKey(name), writeTime));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected boolean isIdempotentOperation() {
+    return values.stream().map(v -> v._1.getProperty()).allMatch(prop -> prop.isIdempotent())
+        || super.isIdempotentOperation();
   }
 
   @Override
   public T sync() throws TimeoutException {
     T result = super.sync();
     if (entity.isCacheable() && result != null) {
-      sessionOps.updateCache(result, entity.getFacets());
+      adjustTtlAndWriteTime((MapExportable) result);
+      sessionOps.updateCache(result, bindFacetValues());
     }
     return result;
   }
@@ -272,15 +353,35 @@ public final class InsertOperation<T> extends AbstractOperation<T, InsertOperati
     }
     Class<?> iface = entity.getMappingInterface();
     if (resultType == iface) {
-      cacheUpdate(uow, result, entity.getFacets());
+      if (entity != null && MapExportable.class.isAssignableFrom(entity.getMappingInterface())) {
-    } else {
+        adjustTtlAndWriteTime((MapExportable) result);
-      if (entity.isCacheable()) {
-        sessionOps.cacheEvict(bindFacetValues());
       }
+      cacheUpdate(uow, result, bindFacetValues());
     }
     return result;
   }
 
+  public T batch(UnitOfWork uow) throws TimeoutException {
+    if (uow == null) {
+      throw new HelenusException("UnitOfWork cannot be null when batching operations.");
+    }
+
+    if (this.entity != null) {
+      Class<?> iface = this.entity.getMappingInterface();
+      if (resultType == iface) {
+        final T result = (pojo == null) ? newInstance(iface) : pojo;
+        if (result != null) {
+          adjustTtlAndWriteTime((MapExportable) result);
+          cacheUpdate(uow, result, bindFacetValues());
+        }
+        uow.batch(this);
+        return (T) result;
+      }
+    }
+
+    return sync(uow);
+  }
+
   @Override
   public List<Facet> bindFacetValues() {
     List<Facet> facets = getFacets();

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/Operation.java

@@ -15,9 +15,6 @@
  */
 package net.helenus.core.operation;
 
-import brave.Span;
-import brave.Tracer;
-import brave.propagation.TraceContext;
 import com.codahale.metrics.Meter;
 import com.codahale.metrics.MetricRegistry;
 import com.codahale.metrics.Timer;
@@ -42,6 +39,9 @@ public abstract class Operation<E> {
   private static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Operation.class);
 
   protected final AbstractSessionOperations sessionOps;
+  protected boolean showValues;
+  protected long queryExecutionTimeout = 10;
+  protected TimeUnit queryTimeoutUnits = TimeUnit.SECONDS;
   protected final Meter uowCacheHits;
   protected final Meter uowCacheMiss;
   protected final Meter sessionCacheHits;
@@ -52,6 +52,7 @@ public abstract class Operation<E> {
 
   Operation(AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations) {
     this.sessionOps = sessionOperations;
+    this.showValues = sessionOps.showValues();
     MetricRegistry metrics = sessionOperations.getMetricRegistry();
     if (metrics == null) {
       metrics = new MetricRegistry();
@@ -65,6 +66,10 @@ public abstract class Operation<E> {
     this.requestLatency = metrics.timer("net.helenus.request-latency");
   }
 
+  public static String queryString(BatchOperation operation, boolean includeValues) {
+    return operation.toString(includeValues);
+  }
+
   public static String queryString(Statement statement, boolean includeValues) {
     String query = null;
     if (statement instanceof BuiltStatement) {
@@ -87,32 +92,31 @@ public abstract class Operation<E> {
   public ResultSet execute(
       AbstractSessionOperations session,
       UnitOfWork uow,
-      TraceContext traceContext,
       long timeout,
       TimeUnit units,
       boolean showValues,
       boolean cached)
       throws TimeoutException {
 
-    // Start recording in a Zipkin sub-span our execution time to perform this
-    // operation.
-    Tracer tracer = session.getZipkinTracer();
-    Span span = null;
-    if (tracer != null && traceContext != null) {
-      span = tracer.newChild(traceContext);
-    }
-
-    try {
-
-      if (span != null) {
-        span.name("cassandra");
-        span.start();
-      }
-
     Statement statement = options(buildStatement(cached));
+
+    if (session.isShowCql()) {
+      String stmt =
+          (this instanceof BatchOperation)
+              ? queryString((BatchOperation) this, showValues)
+              : queryString(statement, showValues);
+      session.getPrintStream().println(stmt);
+    } else if (LOG.isDebugEnabled()) {
+      String stmt =
+          (this instanceof BatchOperation)
+              ? queryString((BatchOperation) this, showValues)
+              : queryString(statement, showValues);
+      LOG.info("CQL> " + stmt);
+    }
+
     Stopwatch timer = Stopwatch.createStarted();
     try {
-        ResultSetFuture futureResultSet = session.executeAsync(statement, uow, timer, showValues);
+      ResultSetFuture futureResultSet = session.executeAsync(statement, uow, timer);
       if (uow != null) uow.recordCacheAndDatabaseOperationCount(0, 1);
       ResultSet resultSet = futureResultSet.getUninterruptibly(timeout, units);
       ColumnDefinitions columnDefinitions = resultSet.getColumnDefinitions();
@@ -126,11 +130,14 @@ public abstract class Operation<E> {
                 .map(InetAddress::toString)
                 .collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
         ConsistencyLevel cl = ei.getAchievedConsistencyLevel();
+        if (cl == null) {
+          cl = statement.getConsistencyLevel();
+        }
         int se = ei.getSpeculativeExecutions();
         String warn = ei.getWarnings().stream().collect(Collectors.joining(", "));
         String ri =
             String.format(
-                  "%s %s %s %s %s %s%sspec-retries: %d",
+                "%s %s ~%s %s %s%s%sspec-retries: %d",
                 "server v" + qh.getCassandraVersion(),
                 qh.getAddress().toString(),
                 (oh != null && !oh.equals("")) ? " [tried: " + oh + "]" : "",
@@ -139,6 +146,7 @@ public abstract class Operation<E> {
                 (cl != null)
                     ? (" consistency: "
                         + cl.name()
+                        + " "
                         + (cl.isDCLocal() ? " DC " : "")
                         + (cl.isSerial() ? " SC " : ""))
                     : "",
@@ -158,13 +166,6 @@ public abstract class Operation<E> {
       if (uow != null) uow.addDatabaseTime("Cassandra", timer);
       log(statement, uow, timer, showValues);
     }
-
-    } finally {
-
-      if (span != null) {
-        span.finish();
-      }
-    }
   }
 
   void log(Statement statement, UnitOfWork uow, Stopwatch timer, boolean showValues) {
@@ -178,10 +179,15 @@ public abstract class Operation<E> {
         timerString = String.format(" %s ", timer.toString());
       }
       LOG.info(
-          String.format("%s%s%s", uowString, timerString, Operation.queryString(statement, false)));
+          String.format(
+              "%s%s%s", uowString, timerString, Operation.queryString(statement, showValues)));
     }
   }
 
+  protected boolean isIdempotentOperation() {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   public Statement options(Statement statement) {
     return statement;
   }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/SelectFirstOperation.java

@@ -63,4 +63,9 @@ public final class SelectFirstOperation<E>
   public boolean isSessionCacheable() {
     return delegate.isSessionCacheable();
   }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean ignoreCache() {
+    return delegate.ignoreCache();
+  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/SelectFirstTransformingOperation.java

@@ -56,4 +56,9 @@ public final class SelectFirstTransformingOperation<R, E>
   public boolean isSessionCacheable() {
     return delegate.isSessionCacheable();
   }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean ignoreCache() {
+    return delegate.ignoreCache();
+  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/SelectOperation.java

@@ -23,14 +23,15 @@ import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.QueryBuilder;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Select;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Select.Selection;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.querybuilder.Select.Where;
-import com.google.common.collect.Iterables;
 import java.util.*;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
 import net.helenus.core.*;
+import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.UnboundFacet;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.Entity;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.HelenusPropertyNode;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusEntity;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
@@ -52,8 +53,10 @@ public final class SelectOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterStreamOperation<E, S
   protected List<Ordering> ordering = null;
   protected Integer limit = null;
   protected boolean allowFiltering = false;
+
   protected String alternateTableName = null;
   protected boolean isCacheable = false;
+  protected boolean implementsEntityType = false;
 
   @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
   public SelectOperation(AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations) {
@@ -89,7 +92,8 @@ public final class SelectOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterStreamOperation<E, S
         .map(p -> new HelenusPropertyNode(p, Optional.empty()))
         .forEach(p -> this.props.add(p));
 
-    isCacheable = entity.isCacheable();
+    this.isCacheable = entity.isCacheable();
+    this.implementsEntityType = Entity.class.isAssignableFrom(entity.getMappingInterface());
   }
 
   public SelectOperation(
@@ -106,7 +110,8 @@ public final class SelectOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterStreamOperation<E, S
         .map(p -> new HelenusPropertyNode(p, Optional.empty()))
         .forEach(p -> this.props.add(p));
 
-    isCacheable = entity.isCacheable();
+    this.isCacheable = entity.isCacheable();
+    this.implementsEntityType = Entity.class.isAssignableFrom(entity.getMappingInterface());
   }
 
   public SelectOperation(
@@ -118,6 +123,10 @@ public final class SelectOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterStreamOperation<E, S
 
     this.rowMapper = rowMapper;
     Collections.addAll(this.props, props);
+
+    HelenusEntity entity = props[0].getEntity();
+    this.isCacheable = entity.isCacheable();
+    this.implementsEntityType = Entity.class.isAssignableFrom(entity.getMappingInterface());
   }
 
   public CountOperation count() {
@@ -264,21 +273,17 @@ public final class SelectOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterStreamOperation<E, S
                 + prop.getEntity().getMappingInterface());
       }
 
-      // TODO(gburd): writeTime and ttl will be useful on merge() but cause object
+      if (cached && implementsEntityType) {
-      // identity to fail.
-      if (false && cached) {
         switch (prop.getProperty().getColumnType()) {
           case PARTITION_KEY:
           case CLUSTERING_COLUMN:
             break;
           default:
             if (entity.equals(prop.getEntity())) {
-              if (prop.getNext().isPresent()) {
-                columnName = Iterables.getLast(prop).getColumnName().toCql(true);
-              }
               if (!prop.getProperty().getDataType().isCollectionType()) {
-                selection.writeTime(columnName).as(columnName + "_writeTime");
+                columnName = prop.getProperty().getColumnName().toCql(false);
-                selection.ttl(columnName).as(columnName + "_ttl");
+                selection.ttl(columnName).as('"' + CacheUtil.ttlKey(columnName) + '"');
+                selection.writeTime(columnName).as('"' + CacheUtil.writeTimeKey(columnName) + '"');
               }
             }
             break;
@@ -308,16 +313,23 @@ public final class SelectOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterStreamOperation<E, S
       boolean isFirstIndex = true;
       for (Filter<?> filter : filters.values()) {
         where.and(filter.getClause(sessionOps.getValuePreparer()));
-        HelenusProperty prop = filter.getNode().getProperty();
+        HelenusProperty filterProp = filter.getNode().getProperty();
-        if (allowFiltering == false) {
+        HelenusProperty prop =
+            props
+                .stream()
+                .map(HelenusPropertyNode::getProperty)
+                .filter(thisProp -> thisProp.getPropertyName().equals(filterProp.getPropertyName()))
+                .findFirst()
+                .orElse(null);
+        if (allowFiltering == false && prop != null) {
           switch (prop.getColumnType()) {
             case PARTITION_KEY:
-            case CLUSTERING_COLUMN:
               break;
+            case CLUSTERING_COLUMN:
             default:
               // When using non-Cassandra-standard 2i types or when using more than one
               // indexed column or non-indexed columns the query must include ALLOW FILTERING.
-              if (prop.caseSensitiveIndex()) {
+              if (prop.caseSensitiveIndex() == false) {
                 allowFiltering = true;
               } else if (prop.getIndexName() != null) {
                 allowFiltering |= !isFirstIndex;

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/SelectTransformingOperation.java

@@ -56,4 +56,14 @@ public final class SelectTransformingOperation<R, E>
   public Stream<R> transform(ResultSet resultSet) {
     return delegate.transform(resultSet).map(fn);
   }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isSessionCacheable() {
+    return delegate.isSessionCacheable();
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean ignoreCache() {
+    return delegate.ignoreCache();
+  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/operation/UpdateOperation.java

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ import java.util.function.Function;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import net.helenus.core.*;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.BoundFacet;
+import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
 import net.helenus.core.cache.Facet;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.HelenusPropertyNode;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.MapExportable;
@@ -33,7 +34,6 @@ import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusEntity;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
 import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
 import net.helenus.mapping.value.BeanColumnValueProvider;
-import net.helenus.mapping.value.ValueProviderMap;
 import net.helenus.support.HelenusException;
 import net.helenus.support.HelenusMappingException;
 import net.helenus.support.Immutables;
@@ -43,15 +43,18 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
   private final Map<Assignment, BoundFacet> assignments = new HashMap<>();
   private final AbstractEntityDraft<E> draft;
   private final Map<String, Object> draftMap;
+  private final Set<String> readSet;
   private HelenusEntity entity = null;
   private Object pojo;
   private int[] ttl;
   private long[] timestamp;
+  private long writeTime = 0L;
 
   public UpdateOperation(AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations) {
     super(sessionOperations);
     this.draft = null;
     this.draftMap = null;
+    this.readSet = null;
   }
 
   public UpdateOperation(
@@ -59,14 +62,25 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     super(sessionOperations);
     this.draft = draft;
     this.draftMap = draft.toMap();
+    this.readSet = draft.read();
   }
 
   public UpdateOperation(AbstractSessionOperations sessionOperations, Object pojo) {
     super(sessionOperations);
     this.draft = null;
     this.draftMap = null;
-    this.pojo = pojo;
+
+    if (pojo != null) {
       this.entity = Helenus.resolve(MappingUtil.getMappingInterface(pojo));
+      if (this.entity != null && entity.isCacheable() && pojo instanceof MapExportable) {
+        this.pojo = pojo;
+        this.readSet = ((MapExportable) pojo).toReadSet();
+      } else {
+        this.readSet = null;
+      }
+    } else {
+      this.readSet = null;
+    }
   }
 
   public UpdateOperation(
@@ -74,6 +88,7 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     super(sessionOperations);
     this.draft = null;
     this.draftMap = null;
+    this.readSet = null;
 
     Object value = sessionOps.getValuePreparer().prepareColumnValue(v, p.getProperty());
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.set(p.getColumnName(), value), new BoundFacet(p.getProperty(), v));
@@ -97,15 +112,10 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
       }
     }
 
-    if (entity != null) {
+    if (pojo != null) {
-      if (entity.isCacheable() && pojo != null && pojo instanceof MapExportable) {
+      if (!BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop).equals(v)) {
         String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-        Map<String, Object> map = ((MapExportable) pojo).toMap();
+        ((MapExportable) pojo).put(key, v);
-        if (!(map instanceof ValueProviderMap)) {
-          if (map.get(key) != v) {
-            map.put(key, v);
-          }
-        }
       }
     }
 
@@ -133,13 +143,14 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(counterGetter);
 
     BoundFacet facet = null;
-    if (pojo != null) {
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
+    if (pojo != null) {
       Long value = (Long) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, value + delta);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
       draftMap.put(key, (Long) draftMap.get(key) + delta);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, draftMap.get(key));
     }
 
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.incr(p.getColumnName(), delta), facet);
@@ -160,13 +171,14 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(counterGetter);
 
     BoundFacet facet = null;
-    if (pojo != null) {
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
+    if (pojo != null) {
       Long value = (Long) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, value - delta);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
       draftMap.put(key, (Long) draftMap.get(key) - delta);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, draftMap.get(key));
     }
 
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.decr(p.getColumnName(), delta), facet);
@@ -191,18 +203,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(listGetter);
     Object valueObj = prepareSingleListValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final List<V> list;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      List<V> list =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new ArrayList<V>(
+      list = (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-              (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       list.add(0, value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      List<V> list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       list.add(0, value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
+    } else {
+      list = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
 
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.prepend(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
@@ -220,18 +235,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(listGetter);
     List valueObj = prepareListValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final List<V> list;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      List<V> list =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new ArrayList<V>(
+      list = (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-              (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       list.addAll(0, value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
     } else if (draft != null && value.size() > 0) {
       String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
-      List<V> list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       list.addAll(0, value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
+    } else {
+      list = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
 
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.prependAll(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
@@ -249,16 +267,14 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(listGetter);
     Object valueObj = prepareSingleListValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final BoundFacet facet;
-    if (pojo != null || draft != null) {
-      List<V> list;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
+    if (pojo != null || draft != null) {
+      final List<V> list;
       if (pojo != null) {
-        list =
+        list = (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-            new ArrayList<V>(
-                (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       } else {
-        String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+        String key = prop.getPropertyName();
         list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       }
       if (idx < 0) {
@@ -270,6 +286,8 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
       }
       list.add(0, value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
+    } else {
+      facet = null;
     }
 
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.setIdx(p.getColumnName(), idx, valueObj), facet);
@@ -287,18 +305,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(listGetter);
     Object valueObj = prepareSingleListValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final List<V> list;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      List<V> list =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new ArrayList<V>(
+      list = (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-              (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       list.add(value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      List<V> list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       list.add(value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
+    } else {
+      list = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.append(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
 
@@ -315,18 +336,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(listGetter);
     List valueObj = prepareListValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final List<V> list;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      List<V> list =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new ArrayList<V>(
+      list = (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-              (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       list.addAll(value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
     } else if (draft != null && value.size() > 0) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      List<V> list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       list.addAll(value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
+    } else {
+      list = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.appendAll(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
 
@@ -343,18 +367,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(listGetter);
     Object valueObj = prepareSingleListValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final List<V> list;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      List<V> list =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new ArrayList<V>(
+      list = (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-              (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       list.remove(value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      List<V> list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       list.remove(value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
+    } else {
+      list = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.discard(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
 
@@ -371,18 +398,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(listGetter);
     List valueObj = prepareListValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final List<V> list;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      List<V> list =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new ArrayList<V>(
+      list = (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-              (List<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       list.removeAll(value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      List<V> list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      list = (List<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       list.removeAll(value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, list);
+    } else {
+      list = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.discardAll(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
 
@@ -437,17 +467,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(setGetter);
     Object valueObj = prepareSingleSetValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final Set<V> set;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      Set<V> set =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new HashSet<V>((Set<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
+      set = (Set<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
       set.add(value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, set);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      Set<V> set = (Set<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      set = (Set<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       set.add(value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, set);
+    } else {
+      set = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.add(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
 
@@ -464,17 +498,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(setGetter);
     Set valueObj = prepareSetValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final Set<V> set;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      Set<V> set =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new HashSet<V>((Set<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
+      set = (Set<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
       set.addAll(value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, set);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      Set<V> set = (Set<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      set = (Set<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       set.addAll(value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, set);
+    } else {
+      set = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.addAll(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
 
@@ -491,17 +529,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(setGetter);
     Object valueObj = prepareSingleSetValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final Set<V> set;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      Set<V> set =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new HashSet<V>((Set<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
+      set = (Set<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
       set.remove(value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, set);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      Set<V> set = (Set<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      set = (Set<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       set.remove(value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, set);
+    } else {
+      set = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.remove(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
 
@@ -518,17 +560,21 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(setGetter);
     Set valueObj = prepareSetValue(p, value);
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final Set<V> set;
-    if (pojo != null) {
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
-      Set<V> set =
+    if (pojo != null) {
-          new HashSet<V>((Set<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
+      set = (Set<V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
       set.removeAll(value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, set);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      String key = p.getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      String key = prop.getPropertyName();
-      Set<V> set = (Set<V>) draftMap.get(key);
+      set = (Set<V>) draftMap.get(key);
       set.removeAll(value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, set);
+    } else {
+      set = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
     assignments.put(QueryBuilder.removeAll(p.getColumnName(), valueObj), facet);
 
@@ -582,15 +628,19 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(mapGetter);
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final Map<K, V> map;
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     if (pojo != null) {
-      Map<K, V> map =
+      map = (Map<K, V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-          new HashMap<K, V>(
-              (Map<K, V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       map.put(key, value);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, map);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      ((Map<K, V>) draftMap.get(prop.getPropertyName())).put(key, value);
+      map = (Map<K, V>) draftMap.get(prop.getPropertyName());
+      map.put(key, value);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, map);
+    } else {
+      map = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
 
     Optional<Function<Object, Object>> converter =
@@ -618,15 +668,19 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     HelenusPropertyNode p = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(mapGetter);
     HelenusProperty prop = p.getProperty();
 
-    BoundFacet facet = null;
+    final Map<K, V> newMap;
+    final BoundFacet facet;
     if (pojo != null) {
-      Map<K, V> newMap =
+      newMap = (Map<K, V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop, false);
-          new HashMap<K, V>(
-              (Map<K, V>) BeanColumnValueProvider.INSTANCE.getColumnValue(pojo, -1, prop));
       newMap.putAll(map);
       facet = new BoundFacet(prop, newMap);
     } else if (draft != null) {
-      ((Map<K, V>) draftMap.get(prop.getPropertyName())).putAll(map);
+      newMap = (Map<K, V>) draftMap.get(prop.getPropertyName());
+      newMap.putAll(map);
+      facet = new BoundFacet(prop, newMap);
+    } else {
+      newMap = null;
+      facet = null;
     }
 
     Optional<Function<Object, Object>> converter =
@@ -718,13 +772,58 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
     }
   }
 
+  private void adjustTtlAndWriteTime(MapExportable pojo) {
+    if (ttl != null || writeTime != 0L) {
+      List<String> names = new ArrayList<String>(assignments.size());
+      for (BoundFacet facet : assignments.values()) {
+        for (HelenusProperty prop : facet.getProperties()) {
+          names.add(prop.getColumnName().toCql(false));
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (names.size() > 0) {
+        if (ttl != null) {
+          names.forEach(name -> pojo.put(CacheUtil.ttlKey(name), ttl));
+        }
+        if (writeTime != 0L) {
+          names.forEach(name -> pojo.put(CacheUtil.writeTimeKey(name), writeTime));
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  protected boolean isIdempotentOperation() {
+    return assignments
+            .values()
+            .stream()
+            .allMatch(
+                facet -> {
+                  if (facet != null) {
+                    Set<HelenusProperty> props = facet.getProperties();
+                    if (props != null && props.size() > 0) {
+                      return props.stream().allMatch(prop -> prop.isIdempotent());
+                    } else {
+                      return true;
+                    }
+                  } else {
+                    // In this case our UPDATE statement made mutations via the List, Set, Map methods only.
+                    return false;
+                  }
+                })
+        || super.isIdempotentOperation();
+  }
+
   @Override
   public E sync() throws TimeoutException {
     E result = super.sync();
-    if (entity.isCacheable()) {
+    if (result != null && entity.isCacheable()) {
       if (draft != null) {
-        sessionOps.updateCache(draft, bindFacetValues());
+        adjustTtlAndWriteTime(draft);
+        adjustTtlAndWriteTime((MapExportable) result);
+        sessionOps.updateCache(result, bindFacetValues());
       } else if (pojo != null) {
+        adjustTtlAndWriteTime((MapExportable) pojo);
         sessionOps.updateCache(pojo, bindFacetValues());
       } else {
         sessionOps.cacheEvict(bindFacetValues());
@@ -739,15 +838,47 @@ public final class UpdateOperation<E> extends AbstractFilterOperation<E, UpdateO
       return sync();
     }
     E result = super.sync(uow);
+    if (result != null) {
       if (draft != null) {
+        adjustTtlAndWriteTime(draft);
+      }
+      if (entity != null && MapExportable.class.isAssignableFrom(entity.getMappingInterface())) {
+        adjustTtlAndWriteTime((MapExportable) result);
         cacheUpdate(uow, result, bindFacetValues());
       } else if (pojo != null) {
+        adjustTtlAndWriteTime((MapExportable) pojo);
         cacheUpdate(uow, (E) pojo, bindFacetValues());
         return (E) pojo;
       }
+    }
     return result;
   }
 
+  public E batch(UnitOfWork uow) throws TimeoutException {
+    if (uow == null) {
+      throw new HelenusException("UnitOfWork cannot be null when batching operations.");
+    }
+
+    final E result;
+    if (draft != null) {
+      result = draft.build();
+      adjustTtlAndWriteTime(draft);
+    } else if (pojo != null) {
+      result = (E) pojo;
+      adjustTtlAndWriteTime((MapExportable) pojo);
+    } else {
+      result = null;
+    }
+
+    if (result != null) {
+      cacheUpdate(uow, result, bindFacetValues());
+      uow.batch(this);
+      return result;
+    }
+
+    return sync(uow);
+  }
+
   @Override
   public List<Facet> bindFacetValues() {
     List<Facet> facets = bindFacetValues(entity.getFacets());

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/reflect/Drafted.java

@@ -22,4 +22,6 @@ public interface Drafted<T> extends MapExportable {
   Set<String> mutated();
 
   T build();
+
+  Set<String> read();
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/reflect/Entity.java

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+/*
+ *      Copyright (C) 2015 The Helenus Authors
+ *
+ *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *   limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.helenus.core.reflect;
+
+import net.helenus.core.Getter;
+
+public interface Entity {
+  String WRITTEN_AT_METHOD = "writtenAt";
+  String TTL_OF_METHOD = "ttlOf";
+  String TOKEN_OF_METHOD = "tokenOf";
+
+    /**
+     * The write time for the property in question referenced by the getter.
+     *
+     * @param getter the property getter
+     * @return the timestamp associated with the property identified by the getter
+     */
+  default Long writtenAt(Getter getter) {
+    return 0L;
+  }
+
+    /**
+     * The write time for the property in question referenced by the property name.
+     *
+     * @param prop the name of a property in this entity
+     * @return the timestamp associated with the property identified by the property name if it exists
+     */
+  default Long writtenAt(String prop) {
+    return 0L;
+  };
+
+    /**
+     * The time-to-live for the property in question referenced by the getter.
+     *
+     * @param getter the property getter
+     * @return the time-to-live in seconds associated with the property identified by the getter
+     */
+  default Integer ttlOf(Getter getter) {
+    return 0;
+  };
+
+    /**
+     * The time-to-live for the property in question referenced by the property name.
+     *
+     * @param prop the name of a property in this entity
+     * @return the time-to-live in seconds associated with the property identified by the property name if it exists
+     */
+  default Integer ttlOf(String prop) {
+    return 0;
+  };
+
+    /**
+     * The token (partition identifier) for this entity which can change over time if
+     * the cluster grows or shrinks but should be stable otherwise.
+     *
+     * @return the token for the entity
+     */
+  default Long tokenOf() { return 0L; }
+}

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/reflect/HelenusNamedProperty.java

@@ -63,6 +63,11 @@ public final class HelenusNamedProperty implements HelenusProperty {
     return false;
   }
 
+  @Override
+  public boolean isIdempotent() {
+    return false;
+  }
+
   @Override
   public Class<?> getJavaType() {
     throw new HelenusMappingException("will never called");

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/reflect/MapExportable.java

@@ -16,10 +16,25 @@
 package net.helenus.core.reflect;
 
 import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import net.helenus.core.Getter;
 
 public interface MapExportable {
-
+  String TO_MAP_METHOD = "toMap";
-  public static final String TO_MAP_METHOD = "toMap";
+  String TO_READ_SET_METHOD = "toReadSet";
+  String PUT_METHOD = "put";
 
   Map<String, Object> toMap();
+
+  default Map<String, Object> toMap(boolean mutable) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  default Set<String> toReadSet() {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  default void put(String key, Object value) {}
+
+  default <T> void put(Getter<T> getter, T value) {}
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/core/reflect/MapperInvocationHandler.java

@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@
  */
 package net.helenus.core.reflect;
 
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import java.io.InvalidObjectException;
 import java.io.ObjectInputStream;
 import java.io.ObjectStreamException;
@@ -24,10 +27,11 @@ import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;
 import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
 import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
-import java.util.HashMap;
+import java.util.*;
-import java.util.Map;
+import net.helenus.core.Getter;
-import java.util.Set;
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
+import net.helenus.core.cache.CacheUtil;
+import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
 import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.Transient;
 import net.helenus.mapping.value.ValueProviderMap;
 import net.helenus.support.HelenusException;
@@ -35,7 +39,8 @@ import net.helenus.support.HelenusException;
 public class MapperInvocationHandler<E> implements InvocationHandler, Serializable {
   private static final long serialVersionUID = -7044209982830584984L;
 
-  private final Map<String, Object> src;
+  private Map<String, Object> src;
+  private final Set<String> read = new HashSet<String>();
   private final Class<E> iface;
 
   public MapperInvocationHandler(Class<E> iface, Map<String, Object> src) {
@@ -95,15 +100,96 @@ public class MapperInvocationHandler<E> implements InvocationHandler, Serializab
           return true;
         }
       }
-      if (otherObj instanceof MapExportable && src.equals(((MapExportable) otherObj).toMap())) {
+      if (otherObj instanceof MapExportable) {
-        return true;
+        return MappingUtil.compareMaps((MapExportable) otherObj, src);
-      }
-      if (src instanceof MapExportable && otherObj.equals(((MapExportable) src).toMap())) {
-        return true;
       }
       return false;
     }
 
+    if (MapExportable.PUT_METHOD.equals(methodName) && method.getParameterCount() == 2) {
+      final String key;
+      if (args[0] instanceof String) {
+        key = (String) args[0];
+      } else if (args[0] instanceof Getter) {
+        key = MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty((Getter) args[0]).getProperty().getPropertyName();
+      } else {
+        key = null;
+      }
+      if (key != null) {
+        final Object value = (Object) args[1];
+        if (src instanceof ValueProviderMap) {
+          this.src = fromValueProviderMap(src);
+        }
+        src.put(key, value);
+      }
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    if (Entity.WRITTEN_AT_METHOD.equals(methodName) && method.getParameterCount() == 1) {
+      final String key;
+      if (args[0] instanceof String) {
+        key = CacheUtil.writeTimeKey((String) args[0]);
+      } else if (args[0] instanceof Getter) {
+        Getter getter = (Getter) args[0];
+        key =
+            CacheUtil.writeTimeKey(
+                MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(getter)
+                    .getProperty()
+                    .getColumnName()
+                    .toCql(false));
+      } else {
+        return 0L;
+      }
+      Long v = (Long) src.get(key);
+      if (v != null) {
+        return v;
+      }
+      return 0L;
+    }
+
+    if (Entity.TOKEN_OF_METHOD.equals(methodName) && method.getParameterCount() == 0) {
+        Long v = (Long) src.get("");
+        if (v != null) {
+            return v;
+        }
+        return 0L;
+    }
+
+    if (Entity.TTL_OF_METHOD.equals(methodName) && method.getParameterCount() == 1) {
+      final String key;
+      if (args[0] instanceof String) {
+        key = CacheUtil.ttlKey((String) args[0]);
+      } else if (args[0] instanceof Getter) {
+        Getter getter = (Getter) args[0];
+        key =
+            CacheUtil.ttlKey(
+                MappingUtil.resolveMappingProperty(getter)
+                    .getProperty()
+                    .getColumnName()
+                    .toCql(false));
+      } else {
+        return 0;
+      }
+      int v[] = (int[]) src.get(key);
+      if (v != null) {
+        return v[0];
+      }
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (MapExportable.TO_MAP_METHOD.equals(methodName)) {
+      if (method.getParameterCount() == 1 && args[0] instanceof Boolean) {
+        if ((boolean) args[0] == true) {
+          return fromValueProviderMap(src, true);
+        }
+      }
+      return Collections.unmodifiableMap(src);
+    }
+
+    if (MapExportable.TO_READ_SET_METHOD.equals(methodName)) {
+      return read;
+    }
+
     if (method.getParameterCount() != 0 || method.getReturnType() == void.class) {
       throw new HelenusException("invalid getter method " + method);
     }
@@ -128,26 +214,21 @@ public class MapperInvocationHandler<E> implements InvocationHandler, Serializab
       return Helenus.dsl(iface);
     }
 
-    if (MapExportable.TO_MAP_METHOD.equals(methodName)) {
+    final Object value = src.get(methodName);
-      return src; // Collections.unmodifiableMap(src);
+    read.add(methodName);
-    }
-
-    Object value = src.get(methodName);
-
-    Class<?> returnType = method.getReturnType();
 
     if (value == null) {
 
+      Class<?> returnType = method.getReturnType();
+
       // Default implementations of non-Transient methods in entities are the default
-      // value when the
+      // value when the map contains 'null'.
-      // map contains 'null'.
       if (method.isDefault()) {
         return invokeDefault(proxy, method, args);
       }
 
       // Otherwise, if the return type of the method is a primitive Java type then
-      // we'll return the standard
+      // we'll return the standard default values to avoid a NPE in user code.
-      // default values to avoid a NPE in user code.
       if (returnType.isPrimitive()) {
         DefaultPrimitiveTypes type = DefaultPrimitiveTypes.lookup(returnType);
         if (type == null) {
@@ -160,6 +241,35 @@ public class MapperInvocationHandler<E> implements InvocationHandler, Serializab
     return value;
   }
 
+  static Map<String, Object> fromValueProviderMap(Map v) {
+    return fromValueProviderMap(v, false);
+  }
+
+  static Map<String, Object> fromValueProviderMap(Map v, boolean mutable) {
+    if (v instanceof ValueProviderMap) {
+      Map<String, Object> m = new HashMap<String, Object>(v.size());
+      Set<String> keys = v.keySet();
+      for (String key : keys) {
+        Object value = v.get(key);
+        if (value != null && mutable) {
+          if (ImmutableList.class.isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+            m.put(key, new ArrayList((List) value));
+          } else if (ImmutableMap.class.isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+            m.put(key, new HashMap((Map) value));
+          } else if (ImmutableSet.class.isAssignableFrom(value.getClass())) {
+            m.put(key, new HashSet((Set) value));
+          } else {
+            m.put(key, value);
+          }
+        } else {
+          m.put(key, value);
+        }
+      }
+      return m;
+    }
+    return v;
+  }
+
   static class SerializationProxy<E> implements Serializable {
 
     private static final long serialVersionUID = -5617583940055969353L;
@@ -170,11 +280,7 @@ public class MapperInvocationHandler<E> implements InvocationHandler, Serializab
     public SerializationProxy(MapperInvocationHandler mapper) {
       this.iface = mapper.iface;
       if (mapper.src instanceof ValueProviderMap) {
-        this.src = new HashMap<String, Object>(mapper.src.size());
+        this.src = fromValueProviderMap(mapper.src);
-        Set<String> keys = mapper.src.keySet();
-        for (String key : keys) {
-          this.src.put(key, mapper.src.get(key));
-        }
       } else {
         this.src = mapper.src;
       }

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/HelenusEntity.java

@@ -34,4 +34,6 @@ public interface HelenusEntity {
   HelenusProperty getProperty(String name);
 
   List<Facet> getFacets();
+
+  boolean isDraftable();
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/HelenusMappingEntity.java

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.*;
 import net.helenus.mapping.validator.DistinctValidator;
 import net.helenus.support.HelenusMappingException;
 import org.apache.commons.lang3.ClassUtils;
+import org.apache.commons.lang3.StringUtils;
 
 public final class HelenusMappingEntity implements HelenusEntity {
 
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ public final class HelenusMappingEntity implements HelenusEntity {
   private final HelenusEntityType type;
   private final IdentityName name;
   private final boolean cacheable;
+  private final boolean draftable;
   private final ImmutableMap<String, Method> methods;
   private final ImmutableMap<String, HelenusProperty> props;
   private final ImmutableList<HelenusProperty> orderedProps;
@@ -111,9 +113,25 @@ public final class HelenusMappingEntity implements HelenusEntity {
     // Caching
     cacheable = (null != iface.getDeclaredAnnotation(Cacheable.class));
 
+    // Draft
+    Class<?> draft;
+    try {
+      draft = Class.forName(iface.getName() + "$Draft");
+    } catch (Exception ignored) {
+      draft = null;
+    }
+    draftable = (draft != null);
+
+    // Materialized view
     List<HelenusProperty> primaryKeyProperties = new ArrayList<>();
     ImmutableList.Builder<Facet> facetsBuilder = ImmutableList.builder();
+    if (iface.getDeclaredAnnotation(MaterializedView.class) == null) {
       facetsBuilder.add(new Facet("table", name.toCql()).setFixed());
+    } else {
+      facetsBuilder.add(
+          new Facet("table", Helenus.entity(iface.getInterfaces()[0]).getName().toCql())
+              .setFixed());
+    }
     for (HelenusProperty prop : orderedProps) {
       switch (prop.getColumnType()) {
         case PARTITION_KEY:
@@ -127,8 +145,25 @@ public final class HelenusMappingEntity implements HelenusEntity {
           }
           for (ConstraintValidator<?, ?> constraint :
               MappingUtil.getValidators(prop.getGetterMethod())) {
-            if (constraint.getClass().isAssignableFrom(DistinctValidator.class)) {
+            if (constraint instanceof DistinctValidator) {
-              UnboundFacet facet = new UnboundFacet(prop);
+              DistinctValidator validator = (DistinctValidator) constraint;
+              String[] values = validator.constraintAnnotation.value();
+              UnboundFacet facet;
+              if (values != null && values.length >= 1 && !(StringUtils.isBlank(values[0]))) {
+                List<HelenusProperty> props = new ArrayList<HelenusProperty>(values.length + 1);
+                props.add(prop);
+                for (String value : values) {
+                  for (HelenusProperty p : orderedProps) {
+                    String name = p.getPropertyName();
+                    if (name.equals(value) && !name.equals(prop.getPropertyName())) {
+                      props.add(p);
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+                facet = new UnboundFacet(props, validator.alone(), validator.combined());
+              } else {
+                facet = new UnboundFacet(prop, validator.alone(), validator.combined());
+              }
               facetsBuilder.add(facet);
               break;
             }
@@ -188,6 +223,11 @@ public final class HelenusMappingEntity implements HelenusEntity {
     return cacheable;
   }
 
+  @Override
+  public boolean isDraftable() {
+    return draftable;
+  }
+
   @Override
   public Class<?> getMappingInterface() {
     return iface;

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/HelenusMappingProperty.java

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ public final class HelenusMappingProperty implements HelenusProperty {
   private final String propertyName;
   private final Optional<IdentityName> indexName;
   private final boolean caseSensitiveIndex;
+  private final boolean idempotent;
 
   private final ColumnInformation columnInfo;
 
@@ -56,6 +57,15 @@ public final class HelenusMappingProperty implements HelenusProperty {
 
     this.columnInfo = new ColumnInformation(getter);
 
+    switch (this.columnInfo.getColumnType()) {
+      case PARTITION_KEY:
+      case CLUSTERING_COLUMN:
+        this.idempotent = true;
+        break;
+      default:
+        this.idempotent = MappingUtil.idempotent(getter);
+    }
+
     this.genericJavaType = getter.getGenericReturnType();
     this.javaType = getter.getReturnType();
     this.abstractJavaType = MappingJavaTypes.resolveJavaType(this.javaType);
@@ -112,6 +122,11 @@ public final class HelenusMappingProperty implements HelenusProperty {
     return caseSensitiveIndex;
   }
 
+  @Override
+  public boolean isIdempotent() {
+    return idempotent;
+  }
+
   @Override
   public String getPropertyName() {
     return propertyName;

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/HelenusProperty.java

@@ -37,6 +37,8 @@ public interface HelenusProperty {
 
   boolean caseSensitiveIndex();
 
+  boolean isIdempotent();
+
   Class<?> getJavaType();
 
   AbstractDataType getDataType();

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/MappingUtil.java

@@ -16,11 +16,12 @@
 package net.helenus.mapping;
 
 import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
-import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
 import java.lang.reflect.Method;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Optional;
+import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import javax.validation.Constraint;
 import javax.validation.ConstraintValidator;
 import net.helenus.core.Getter;
@@ -122,10 +123,29 @@ public final class MappingUtil {
     return false;
   }
 
+  public static boolean idempotent(Method getterMethod) {
+    Column column = getterMethod.getDeclaredAnnotation(Column.class);
+
+    if (column != null) {
+      return column.idempotent();
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
   public static String getPropertyName(Method getter) {
     return getter.getName();
   }
 
+  public static HelenusProperty getPropertyForColumn(HelenusEntity entity, String name) {
+    if (name == null) return null;
+    return entity
+        .getOrderedProperties()
+        .stream()
+        .filter(p -> p.getColumnName().equals(name))
+        .findFirst()
+        .orElse(null);
+  }
+
   public static String getDefaultColumnName(Method getter) {
     return Helenus.settings().getPropertyToColumnConverter().apply(getPropertyName(getter));
   }
@@ -284,28 +304,6 @@ public final class MappingUtil {
     }
   }
 
-  // https://stackoverflow.com/a/4882306/366692
-  public static <T> T clone(T object) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
-    Object clone = null;
-
-    // Use reflection, because there is no other way
-    try {
-      Method method = object.getClass().getMethod("clone");
-      clone = method.invoke(object);
-    } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
-      rethrow(e.getCause());
-    } catch (Exception cause) {
-      rethrow(cause);
-    }
-    if (object.getClass().isInstance(clone)) {
-      @SuppressWarnings("unchecked") // clone class <= object class <= T
-      T t = (T) clone;
-      return t;
-    } else {
-      throw new ClassCastException(clone.getClass().getName());
-    }
-  }
-
   private static void rethrow(Throwable cause) throws CloneNotSupportedException {
     if (cause instanceof RuntimeException) {
       throw (RuntimeException) cause;
@@ -320,4 +318,32 @@ public final class MappingUtil {
     e.initCause(cause);
     throw e;
   }
+
+  public static boolean compareMaps(MapExportable me, Map<String, Object> m2) {
+    Map<String, Object> m1 = me.toMap();
+    List<String> matching =
+        m2.entrySet()
+            .stream()
+            .filter(e -> !e.getKey().matches("^_.*_(ttl|writeTime)$"))
+            .filter(
+                e -> {
+                  String k = e.getKey();
+                  if (m1.containsKey(k)) {
+                    Object o1 = e.getValue();
+                    Object o2 = m1.get(k);
+                    if (o1 == o2 || o1.equals(o2)) return true;
+                  }
+                  return false;
+                })
+            .map(e -> e.getKey())
+            .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    List<String> divergent =
+        m1.entrySet()
+            .stream()
+            .filter(e -> !e.getKey().matches("^_.*_(ttl|writeTime)$"))
+            .filter(e -> !matching.contains(e.getKey()))
+            .map(e -> e.getKey())
+            .collect(Collectors.toList());
+    return divergent.size() > 0 ? false : true;
+  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/annotation/Column.java

@@ -59,4 +59,13 @@ public @interface Column {
    * @return true if name have to be quoted
    */
   boolean forceQuote() default false;
+
+  /**
+   * Used to determine if mutations (insert, upsert, update) can be retried by the server. When all
+   * fields in a query are idempotent the query is marked idempotent. Optionally, a user can
+   * explicitly mark a query idempotent even if all fields are not marked as such.
+   *
+   * @return
+   */
+  boolean idempotent() default false;
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/annotation/Constraints.java

@@ -228,10 +228,107 @@ public final class Constraints {
   public @interface Distinct {
 
     /**
-     * User defined Enum to further restrict the items in the set.
+     * User defined list of properties that combine with this one to result in a distinct
+     * combination in the table.
      *
      * @return Java
      */
-    Class<? extends Enum> value() default Enum.class;
+    String[] value() default "";
+
+    boolean alone() default true;
+
+    boolean combined() default true;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Distinct annotation is used to signal, but not ensure that a value should be distinct in the
+   * database.
+   *
+   * <p>Can be used only for @java.lang.CharSequence
+   *
+   * <p>It does not have effect on selects and data retrieval operations
+   */
+  @Documented
+  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+  @Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
+  @Constraint(validatedBy = OneToOneRelationshipValidator.class)
+  public @interface OneToOne {
+
+    /**
+     * User defined list of properties that combine with this one to result in a distinct
+     * combination in the table.
+     *
+     * @return Java
+     */
+    String[] value() default "";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Distinct annotation is used to signal, but not ensure that a value should be distinct in the
+   * database.
+   *
+   * <p>Can be used only for @java.lang.CharSequence
+   *
+   * <p>It does not have effect on selects and data retrieval operations
+   */
+  @Documented
+  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+  @Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
+  @Constraint(validatedBy = OneToManyRelationshipValidator.class)
+  public @interface OneToMany {
+
+    /**
+     * User defined list of properties that combine with this one to result in a distinct
+     * combination in the table.
+     *
+     * @return Java
+     */
+    String[] value() default "";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Distinct annotation is used to signal, but not ensure that a value should be distinct in the
+   * database.
+   *
+   * <p>Can be used only for @java.lang.CharSequence
+   *
+   * <p>It does not have effect on selects and data retrieval operations
+   */
+  @Documented
+  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+  @Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
+  @Constraint(validatedBy = ManyToOneRelationshipValidator.class)
+  public @interface ManyToOne {
+
+    /**
+     * User defined list of properties that combine with this one to result in a distinct
+     * combination in the table.
+     *
+     * @return Java
+     */
+    String[] value() default "";
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Distinct annotation is used to signal, but not ensure that a value should be distinct in the
+   * database.
+   *
+   * <p>Can be used only for @java.lang.CharSequence
+   *
+   * <p>It does not have effect on selects and data retrieval operations
+   */
+  @Documented
+  @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
+  @Target(value = {ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})
+  @Constraint(validatedBy = ManyToManyRelationshipValidator.class)
+  public @interface ManyToMany {
+
+    /**
+     * User defined list of properties that combine with this one to result in a distinct
+     * combination in the table.
+     *
+     * @return Java
+     */
+    String[] value() default "";
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/validator/AbstractConstraintValidator.java

@@ -13,31 +13,22 @@
  *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  *   limitations under the License.
  */
+package net.helenus.mapping.validator;
 
-package net.helenus.core.cache;
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import javax.validation.ConstraintValidator;
+import javax.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
 
-import com.google.common.cache.Cache;
+public abstract class AbstractConstraintValidator<A extends Annotation, T>
+    implements ConstraintValidator<A, T> {
 
-public class GuavaCache<K, V> implements SessionCache<K, V> {
+  public A constraintAnnotation;
 
-  final Cache<K, V> cache;
+  @Override
-
+  public void initialize(A constraintAnnotation) {
-  GuavaCache(Cache<K, V> cache) {
+    this.constraintAnnotation = constraintAnnotation;
-    this.cache = cache;
   }
 
   @Override
-  public void invalidate(K key) {
+  public abstract boolean isValid(T value, ConstraintValidatorContext context);
-    cache.invalidate(key);
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public V get(K key) {
-    return cache.getIfPresent(key);
-  }
-
-  @Override
-  public void put(K key, V value) {
-    cache.put(key, value);
-  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/validator/DistinctValidator.java

@@ -20,15 +20,32 @@ import javax.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
 import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.Constraints;
 
 public final class DistinctValidator
+    extends AbstractConstraintValidator<Constraints.Distinct, CharSequence>
     implements ConstraintValidator<Constraints.Distinct, CharSequence> {
 
+  private Constraints.Distinct annotation;
+
   @Override
-  public void initialize(Constraints.Distinct constraintAnnotation) {}
+  public void initialize(Constraints.Distinct constraintAnnotation) {
+    super.initialize(constraintAnnotation);
+    this.annotation = constraintAnnotation;
+  }
 
   @Override
   public boolean isValid(CharSequence value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
-    // TODO(gburd): if there is an Enum type supplied, check that value is valid
+    // TODO(gburd): check that the list contains valid property names.
-    // Enum.name()
     return true;
   }
+
+  public String[] value() {
+    return annotation == null ? null : annotation.value();
+  }
+
+  public boolean alone() {
+    return annotation == null ? true : annotation.alone();
+  }
+
+  public boolean combined() {
+    return annotation == null ? true : annotation.combined();
+  }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/validator/ManyToManyRelationshipValidator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ *      Copyright (C) 2015 The Helenus Authors
+ *
+ *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *   limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.helenus.mapping.validator;
+
+import javax.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
+import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.Constraints;
+
+public class ManyToManyRelationshipValidator extends RelationshipValidator<Constraints.ManyToMany> {
+
+  @Override
+  public void initialize(Constraints.ManyToMany constraintAnnotation) {
+    super.initialize(constraintAnnotation);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isValid(CharSequence value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
+    // TODO(gburd): check that the list contains valid property names.
+    return true;
+  }
+}

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/validator/ManyToOneRelationshipValidator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ *      Copyright (C) 2015 The Helenus Authors
+ *
+ *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *   limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.helenus.mapping.validator;
+
+import javax.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
+import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.Constraints;
+
+public class ManyToOneRelationshipValidator extends RelationshipValidator<Constraints.ManyToOne> {
+
+  @Override
+  public void initialize(Constraints.ManyToOne constraintAnnotation) {
+    super.initialize(constraintAnnotation);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isValid(CharSequence value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
+    // TODO(gburd): check that the list contains valid property names.
+    return true;
+  }
+}

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/validator/OneToManyRelationshipValidator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+/*
+ *      Copyright (C) 2015 The Helenus Authors
+ *
+ *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *   limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.helenus.mapping.validator;
+
+import javax.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
+import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.Constraints;
+
+public class OneToManyRelationshipValidator extends RelationshipValidator<Constraints.OneToMany> {
+
+  @Override
+  public void initialize(Constraints.OneToMany constraintAnnotation) {
+    super.initialize(constraintAnnotation);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isValid(CharSequence value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
+    // TODO(gburd): check that the list contains valid property names.
+    return true;
+  }
+}

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/validator/OneToOneRelationshipValidator.java

@@ -13,14 +13,21 @@
  *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  *   limitations under the License.
  */
-package net.helenus.core;
+package net.helenus.mapping.validator;
 
-import net.helenus.support.HelenusException;
+import javax.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
+import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.Constraints;
 
-class UnitOfWorkImpl extends AbstractUnitOfWork<HelenusException> {
+public class OneToOneRelationshipValidator extends RelationshipValidator<Constraints.OneToOne> {
 
-  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  @Override
-  public UnitOfWorkImpl(HelenusSession session, UnitOfWork parent) {
+  public void initialize(Constraints.OneToOne constraintAnnotation) {
-    super(session, (AbstractUnitOfWork<HelenusException>) parent);
+    super.initialize(constraintAnnotation);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isValid(CharSequence value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
+    // TODO(gburd): check that the list contains valid property names.
+    return true;
   }
 }

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/validator/RelationshipValidator.java

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/*
+ *      Copyright (C) 2015 The Helenus Authors
+ *
+ *   Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ *   you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ *   You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ *   Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ *   distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ *   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ *   See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ *   limitations under the License.
+ */
+package net.helenus.mapping.validator;
+
+import java.lang.annotation.Annotation;
+import javax.validation.ConstraintValidator;
+import javax.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext;
+
+public abstract class RelationshipValidator<A extends Annotation>
+    extends AbstractConstraintValidator<A, CharSequence>
+    implements ConstraintValidator<A, CharSequence> {
+
+  @Override
+  public void initialize(A constraintAnnotation) {
+    super.initialize(constraintAnnotation);
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public boolean isValid(CharSequence value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) {
+    return false;
+  }
+}

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/value/BeanColumnValueProvider.java

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ public enum BeanColumnValueProvider implements ColumnValueProvider {
 
     Object value = null;
     try {
+      getter.setAccessible(true);
       value = getter.invoke(bean, new Object[] {});
     } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
       if (e.getCause() != null) {

src/main/java/net/helenus/mapping/value/ValueProviderMap.java

@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@
  */
 package net.helenus.mapping.value;
 
+import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.Map;
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
-import net.helenus.core.reflect.Drafted;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusEntity;
 import net.helenus.mapping.HelenusProperty;
 import net.helenus.support.HelenusMappingException;
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ public final class ValueProviderMap implements Map<String, Object> {
     this.source = source;
     this.valueProvider = valueProvider;
     this.entity = entity;
-    this.immutable = entity.getMappingInterface().isAssignableFrom(Drafted.class);
+    this.immutable = entity.isDraftable();
   }
 
   private static void throwShouldNeverCall(String methodName) {
@@ -45,8 +45,7 @@ public final class ValueProviderMap implements Map<String, Object> {
             methodName));
   }
 
-  @Override
+  public Object get(Object key, boolean immutable) {
-  public Object get(Object key) {
     if (key instanceof String) {
       String name = (String) key;
       HelenusProperty prop = entity.getProperty(name);
@@ -57,6 +56,11 @@ public final class ValueProviderMap implements Map<String, Object> {
     return null;
   }
 
+  @Override
+  public Object get(Object key) {
+    return get(key, this.immutable);
+  }
+
   @Override
   public Set<String> keySet() {
     return entity
@@ -78,7 +82,7 @@ public final class ValueProviderMap implements Map<String, Object> {
 
   @Override
   public boolean containsKey(Object key) {
-    if (key instanceof Object) {
+    if (key instanceof String) {
       String s = (String) key;
       return keySet().contains(s);
     }
@@ -149,8 +153,10 @@ public final class ValueProviderMap implements Map<String, Object> {
   @Override
   public boolean equals(Object o) {
     if (this == o) return true;
-    if (o == null || (!o.getClass().isAssignableFrom(Map.class) && getClass() != o.getClass()))
+    if (o == null
-      return false;
+        || !((Map.class.isAssignableFrom(o.getClass())
+                || ImmutableMap.class.isAssignableFrom(o.getClass()))
+            || o.getClass().getSimpleName().equals("UnmodifiableMap"))) return false;
 
     Map that = (Map) o;
     if (this.size() != that.size()) return false;

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/integration/core/ContextInitTest.java

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package net.helenus.test.integration.core;
 
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
 import net.helenus.core.HelenusSession;
+import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
 import net.helenus.test.integration.build.AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
@@ -29,4 +30,11 @@ public class ContextInitTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
 
     System.out.println("Works! " + session);
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testWithNullSession() {
+    HelenusSession session = Helenus.init(null, "foo").get();
+    UnitOfWork uow = session.begin();
+    uow.abort();
+  }
 }

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/integration/core/draft/EntityDraftBuilderTest.java

@@ -21,9 +21,11 @@ import java.io.*;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.HashMap;
 import java.util.HashSet;
+import java.util.UUID;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
 import net.helenus.core.HelenusSession;
+import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
 import net.helenus.test.integration.build.AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest;
 import org.junit.Assert;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
@@ -34,6 +36,8 @@ public class EntityDraftBuilderTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
   static Supply supply;
   static HelenusSession session;
   static Supply.Draft draft = null;
+  static UUID id = null;
+  static String region = null;
 
   @BeforeClass
   public static void beforeTest() throws TimeoutException {
@@ -68,6 +72,8 @@ public class EntityDraftBuilderTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
                 });
 
     Supply s1 = session.<Supply>insert(draft).sync();
+    id = s1.id();
+    region = s1.region();
   }
 
   @Test
@@ -76,7 +82,8 @@ public class EntityDraftBuilderTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
     Supply s1 =
         session
             .<Supply>select(Supply.class)
-            .where(supply::id, eq(draft.id()))
+            .where(supply::id, eq(id))
+            .and(supply::region, eq(region))
             .single()
             .sync()
             .orElse(null);
@@ -87,6 +94,7 @@ public class EntityDraftBuilderTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
             .<Supply>update(s1.update())
             .prepend(supply::suppliers, "Pignose Supply, LLC.")
             .sync();
+
     Assert.assertEquals(s2.suppliers().get(0), "Pignose Supply, LLC.");
 
     // Set
@@ -99,6 +107,59 @@ public class EntityDraftBuilderTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
     Assert.assertEquals((long) s4.demand().get("NORAM"), 10L);
   }
 
+  @Test
+  public void testDraftMergeInNestedUow() throws Exception {
+    Supply s1, s2, s3, s4, s5;
+    Supply.Draft d1;
+
+    s1 =
+        session
+            .<Supply>select(Supply.class)
+            .where(supply::id, eq(id))
+            .and(supply::region, eq(region))
+            .single()
+            .sync()
+            .orElse(null);
+
+    try (UnitOfWork uow1 = session.begin()) {
+      s2 =
+          session
+              .<Supply>select(Supply.class)
+              .where(supply::id, eq(id))
+              .and(supply::region, eq(region))
+              .single()
+              .sync(uow1)
+              .orElse(null);
+
+      try (UnitOfWork uow2 = session.begin(uow1)) {
+        s3 =
+            session
+                .<Supply>select(Supply.class)
+                .where(supply::id, eq(id))
+                .and(supply::region, eq(region))
+                .single()
+                .sync(uow2)
+                .orElse(null);
+
+        d1 = s3.update().setCode("WIDGET-002-UPDATED");
+
+        s4 =
+            session.update(d1).usingTtl(20).defaultTimestamp(System.currentTimeMillis()).sync(uow2);
+
+        uow2.commit();
+      }
+
+      s5 =
+          session
+              .<Supply>select(Supply.class)
+              .where(supply::id, eq(id))
+              .and(supply::region, eq(region))
+              .single()
+              .sync(uow1)
+              .orElse(null);
+    }
+  }
+
   @Test
   public void testSerialization() throws Exception {
     Supply s1, s2;

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/integration/core/draft/Inventory.java

@@ -3,11 +3,13 @@ package net.helenus.test.integration.core.draft;
 import java.util.UUID;
 import net.helenus.core.AbstractAuditedEntityDraft;
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.Drafted;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.Entity;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.MapExportable;
 import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.*;
 
 @Table
-public interface Inventory {
+public interface Inventory extends Entity {
 
   static Inventory inventory = Helenus.dsl(Inventory.class);
 
@@ -36,7 +38,7 @@ public interface Inventory {
     return new Draft(this);
   }
 
-  class Draft extends AbstractAuditedEntityDraft<Inventory> {
+  class Draft extends AbstractAuditedEntityDraft<Inventory> implements Drafted<Inventory> {
 
     // Entity/Draft pattern-enabling methods:
     Draft(UUID id) {

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/integration/core/draft/Supply.java

@@ -7,11 +7,15 @@ import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.UUID;
 import net.helenus.core.AbstractEntityDraft;
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
+import net.helenus.core.annotation.Cacheable;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.Drafted;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.Entity;
 import net.helenus.core.reflect.MapExportable;
 import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.*;
 
 @Table
-public interface Supply {
+@Cacheable
+public interface Supply extends Entity {
 
   static Supply supply = Helenus.dsl(Supply.class);
 
@@ -48,8 +52,7 @@ public interface Supply {
     return new Draft(this);
   }
 
-  class Draft extends AbstractEntityDraft<Supply> {
+  class Draft extends AbstractEntityDraft<Supply> implements Drafted<Supply> {
-
     // Entity/Draft pattern-enabling methods:
     Draft(String region) {
       super(null);

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/integration/core/simple/SimpleUserTest.java

@@ -17,13 +17,11 @@ package net.helenus.test.integration.core.simple;
 
 import static net.helenus.core.Query.eq;
 
-import com.datastax.driver.core.ResultSet;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
 import net.helenus.core.HelenusSession;
 import net.helenus.core.Operator;
-import net.helenus.core.operation.UpdateOperation;
 import net.helenus.support.Fun;
 import net.helenus.test.integration.build.AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest;
 import org.junit.Assert;
@@ -184,7 +182,6 @@ public class SimpleUserTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
         .set(user::age, null)
         .set(user::type, null)
         .where(user::id, eq(100L))
-        .zipkinContext(null)
         .sync();
 
     Fun.Tuple3<String, Integer, UserType> tuple =
@@ -207,18 +204,14 @@ public class SimpleUserTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
     Assert.assertEquals(0L, cnt);
   }
 
-  public void testZipkin() throws TimeoutException {
+  public void testFunTuple() throws TimeoutException {
-    session
+    Fun.Tuple1<String> tf =
-        .update()
+        session.select(user::name).where(user::id, eq(100L)).single().sync().orElse(null);
-        .set(user::name, null)
+    if (tf != null) {
-        .set(user::age, null)
+      Assert.assertEquals(Fun.class, tf.getClass().getEnclosingClass());
-        .set(user::type, null)
+      String name = tf._1;
-        .where(user::id, eq(100L))
+      Assert.assertEquals("greg", name);
-        .zipkinContext(null)
+    }
-        .sync();
-
-    UpdateOperation<ResultSet> update = session.update();
-    update.set(user::name, null).zipkinContext(null).sync();
   }
 
   private void assertUsers(User expected, User actual) {

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/integration/core/unitofwork/AndThenOrderTest.java

@@ -90,22 +90,38 @@ public class AndThenOrderTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
           .andThen(
               () -> {
                 q.add("1");
+              })
+          .orElse(
+              () -> {
+                q.add("a");
               });
       uow2 = session.begin(uow3);
       uow2.commit()
           .andThen(
               () -> {
                 q.add("2");
+              })
+          .orElse(
+              () -> {
+                q.add("b");
               });
       uow3.commit()
           .andThen(
               () -> {
                 q.add("3");
+              })
+          .orElse(
+              () -> {
+                q.add("c");
               });
       uow4.commit()
           .andThen(
               () -> {
                 q.add("4");
+              })
+          .orElse(
+              () -> {
+                q.add("d");
               });
       throw new Exception();
     } catch (Exception e) {
@@ -115,10 +131,15 @@ public class AndThenOrderTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
         .andThen(
             () -> {
               q.add("5");
+            })
+        .orElse(
+            () -> {
+              q.add("e");
             });
 
     System.out.println(q);
-    Assert.assertTrue(q.isEmpty() == true);
+    Assert.assertTrue(
+        Arrays.equals(q.toArray(new String[5]), new String[] {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}));
   }
 
   @Test

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/integration/core/unitofwork/UnitOfWorkTest.java

@@ -17,14 +17,23 @@ package net.helenus.test.integration.core.unitofwork;
 
 import static net.helenus.core.Query.eq;
 
+import ca.exprofesso.guava.jcache.GuavaCachingProvider;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.ConsistencyLevel;
 import com.datastax.driver.core.utils.UUIDs;
+import java.io.Serializable;
+import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.UUID;
+import javax.cache.CacheManager;
+import javax.cache.Caching;
+import javax.cache.configuration.MutableConfiguration;
+import javax.cache.spi.CachingProvider;
 import net.bytebuddy.utility.RandomString;
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
 import net.helenus.core.HelenusSession;
 import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
 import net.helenus.core.annotation.Cacheable;
+import net.helenus.core.reflect.Entity;
+import net.helenus.mapping.MappingUtil;
 import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.Constraints;
 import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.Index;
 import net.helenus.mapping.annotation.PartitionKey;
@@ -36,13 +45,24 @@ import org.junit.Test;
 
 @Table
 @Cacheable
-interface Widget {
+interface Widget extends Entity, Serializable {
   @PartitionKey
   UUID id();
 
   @Index
-  @Constraints.Distinct()
+  @Constraints.Distinct
   String name();
+
+  @Constraints.Distinct(value = {"b"})
+  String a();
+
+  String b();
+
+  @Constraints.Distinct(alone = false)
+  String c();
+
+  @Constraints.Distinct(combined = false)
+  String d();
 }
 
 public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
@@ -52,6 +72,14 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
 
   @BeforeClass
   public static void beforeTest() {
+    CachingProvider cachingProvider =
+        Caching.getCachingProvider(GuavaCachingProvider.class.getName());
+    CacheManager cacheManager = cachingProvider.getCacheManager();
+    MutableConfiguration<String, Object> configuration = new MutableConfiguration<>();
+    configuration.setStoreByValue(false).setReadThrough(false);
+    cacheManager.createCache(
+        MappingUtil.getTableName(Widget.class, true).toString(), configuration);
+
     session =
         Helenus.init(getSession())
             .showCql()
@@ -59,6 +87,7 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
             .autoCreateDrop()
             .consistencyLevel(ConsistencyLevel.ONE)
             .idempotentQueryExecution(true)
+            .setCacheManager(cacheManager)
             .get();
     widget = session.dsl(Widget.class);
   }
@@ -74,6 +103,10 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
             .<Widget>insert(widget)
             .value(widget::id, key)
             .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+            .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
             .sync();
 
     try (UnitOfWork uow = session.begin()) {
@@ -107,9 +140,11 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
 
   @Test
   public void testSelectAfterNestedSelect() throws Exception {
-    Widget w1, w2, w3, w4;
+    Widget w1, w1a, w2, w3, w4;
     UUID key1 = UUIDs.timeBased();
     UUID key2 = UUIDs.timeBased();
+    String cacheKey1 = MappingUtil.getTableName(Widget.class, false) + "." + key1.toString();
+    String cacheKey2 = MappingUtil.getTableName(Widget.class, false) + "." + key2.toString();
 
     // This should inserted Widget, and not cache it in uow1.
     try (UnitOfWork uow1 = session.begin()) {
@@ -118,10 +153,27 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
               .<Widget>insert(widget)
               .value(widget::id, key1)
               .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+              .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
               .sync(uow1);
+      uow1.getCache().put(cacheKey1, w1);
+      Assert.assertEquals(w1, uow1.getCache().get(cacheKey1));
 
       try (UnitOfWork uow2 = session.begin(uow1)) {
 
+        // A "SELECT * FROM widget" query does not contain enough information to fetch an item from cache.
+        // This will miss, until we implement a statement cache.
+        w1a =
+            session
+                .<Widget>selectAll(Widget.class)
+                .sync(uow2)
+                .filter(w -> w.id().equals(key1))
+                .findFirst()
+                .orElse(null);
+        Assert.assertTrue(w1.equals(w1a));
+
         // This should read from uow1's cache and return the same Widget.
         w2 =
             session
@@ -132,14 +184,21 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
                 .orElse(null);
 
         Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2);
+        uow2.getCache().put(cacheKey2, w2);
 
         w3 =
             session
                 .<Widget>insert(widget)
                 .value(widget::id, key2)
                 .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+                .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+                .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+                .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+                .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
                 .sync(uow2);
 
+        Assert.assertEquals(w1, uow2.getCache().get(cacheKey1));
+        Assert.assertEquals(w2, uow2.getCache().get(cacheKey2));
         uow2.commit()
             .andThen(
                 () -> {
@@ -151,7 +210,8 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
       w4 =
           session
               .<Widget>select(widget)
-              .where(widget::id, eq(key2))
+              .where(widget::a, eq(w3.a()))
+              .and(widget::b, eq(w3.b()))
               .single()
               .sync(uow1)
               .orElse(null);
@@ -175,6 +235,10 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
           .<Widget>insert(widget)
           .value(widget::id, key)
           .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+          .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+          .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+          .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+          .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
           .sync(uow);
 
       // This should read from the database and return a Widget.
@@ -209,6 +273,10 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
             .<Widget>insert(widget)
             .value(widget::id, key)
             .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+            .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
             .sync();
 
     try (UnitOfWork uow = session.begin()) {
@@ -219,13 +287,18 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
       Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2);
 
       // This should remove the object from the session cache.
-      w3 =
       session.<Widget>update(w2).set(widget::name, "Bill").where(widget::id, eq(key)).sync(uow);
+      w3 =
+          session
+              .<Widget>update(w2)
+              .set(widget::name, w1.name())
+              .where(widget::id, eq(key))
+              .sync(uow);
 
-      // Fetch from session cache, should have old name.
+      // Fetch from session cache will cache miss (as it was updated) and trigger a SELECT.
       w4 = session.<Widget>select(widget).where(widget::id, eq(key)).single().sync().orElse(null);
       Assert.assertEquals(w4, w2);
-      Assert.assertEquals(w4.name(), w1.name());
+      Assert.assertEquals(w4.name(), w3.name());
 
       // This should skip the cache.
       w5 =
@@ -237,15 +310,13 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
               .sync()
               .orElse(null);
 
-      Assert.assertNotEquals(w5, w2); // Not the same instance,
+      Assert.assertTrue(w5.equals(w2));
-      Assert.assertTrue(w2.equals(w5)); // but they have the same values,
+      Assert.assertTrue(w2.equals(w5));
-      Assert.assertFalse(w5.equals(w2)); // regardless of the order when comparing.
-      Assert.assertEquals(w5.name(), "Bill");
 
       uow.commit()
           .andThen(
               () -> {
-                Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2);
+                Assert.assertEquals(w2, w3);
               });
     }
 
@@ -271,6 +342,10 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
             .<Widget>insert(widget)
             .value(widget::id, key)
             .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+            .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+            .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
             .sync();
 
     try (UnitOfWork uow = session.begin()) {
@@ -279,74 +354,200 @@ public class UnitOfWorkTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
       w2 =
           session.<Widget>select(widget).where(widget::id, eq(key)).single().sync(uow).orElse(null);
 
+      String cacheKey = MappingUtil.getTableName(Widget.class, false) + "." + key.toString();
+      uow.getCache().put(cacheKey, w1);
+
       // This should remove the object from the cache.
       session.delete(widget).where(widget::id, eq(key)).sync(uow);
+      uow.getCache().remove(cacheKey);
 
       // This should fail to read from the cache.
       w3 =
           session.<Widget>select(widget).where(widget::id, eq(key)).single().sync(uow).orElse(null);
 
-      Assert.assertEquals(w3, null);
+      Assert.assertEquals(null, w3);
 
       uow.commit()
           .andThen(
               () -> {
                 Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2);
-                Assert.assertEquals(w3, null);
+                Assert.assertEquals(null, w3);
               });
     }
 
+    w4 = session.<Widget>select(widget).where(widget::id, eq(key)).single().sync().orElse(null);
+
+    Assert.assertEquals(null, w4);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testBatchingUpdatesAndInserts() throws Exception {
+    Widget w1, w2, w3, w4, w5, w6;
+    Long committedAt = 0L;
+    UUID key = UUIDs.timeBased();
+    String cacheKey = MappingUtil.getTableName(Widget.class, false) + "." + key.toString();
+
+    try (UnitOfWork uow = session.begin()) {
+      w1 =
+          session
+              .<Widget>upsert(widget)
+              .value(widget::id, key)
+              .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+              .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
+              .batch(uow);
+      Assert.assertTrue(0L == w1.writtenAt(widget::name));
+      Assert.assertTrue(0 == w1.ttlOf(widget::name));
+      uow.getCache().put(cacheKey, w1);
+      w2 =
+          session
+              .<Widget>update(w1)
+              .set(widget::name, RandomString.make(10))
+              .where(widget::id, eq(key))
+              .usingTtl(30)
+              .batch(uow);
+      Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2);
+      Assert.assertTrue(0L == w2.writtenAt(widget::name));
+      Assert.assertTrue(30 == w1.ttlOf(widget::name));
+      w3 =
+          session
+              .<Widget>select(Widget.class)
+              .where(widget::id, eq(key))
+              .single()
+              .sync(uow)
+              .orElse(null);
+      Assert.assertEquals(w2, w3);
+      Assert.assertTrue(0L == w3.writtenAt(widget::name));
+      Assert.assertTrue(30 <= w3.ttlOf(widget::name));
+
+      w6 =
+          session
+              .<Widget>upsert(widget)
+              .value(widget::id, UUIDs.timeBased())
+              .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+              .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
+              .batch(uow);
+
+      uow.getCache().put(cacheKey, w1);
+      uow.commit();
+      committedAt = uow.committedAt();
+      Date d = new Date(committedAt * 1000);
+      String date = d.toString();
+    }
+    // 'c' is distinct, but not on it's own so this should miss cache
+    w4 =
+        session
+            .<Widget>select(Widget.class)
+            .where(widget::c, eq(w6.c()))
+            .single()
+            .sync()
+            .orElse(null);
+    Assert.assertEquals(w6, w4);
+    //TODO(gburd): fix these.
+    //long at = w4.writtenAt(widget::name);
+    //Assert.assertTrue(at == committedAt);
+    //int ttl4 = w4.ttlOf(widget::name);
+    //Assert.assertTrue(ttl4 <= 30 && ttl4 > 0);
+    w5 =
+        session
+            .<Widget>select(Widget.class)
+            .where(widget::id, eq(w6.id()))
+            .uncached()
+            .single()
+            .sync()
+            .orElse(null);
+    Assert.assertTrue(w4.equals(w5));
+    //Assert.assertTrue(w5.writtenAt(widget::name) == committedAt);
+    int ttl5 = w5.ttlOf(widget::name);
+    Assert.assertTrue(ttl5 <= 30);
+    //Assert.assertTrue(w4.writtenAt(widget::name) == w6.writtenAt(widget::name));
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testInsertNoOp() throws Exception {
+    Widget w1, w2;
+    UUID key1 = UUIDs.timeBased();
+
+    try (UnitOfWork uow = session.begin()) {
+      // This should inserted Widget, but not cache it.
+      w1 =
+          session
+              .<Widget>insert(widget)
+              .value(widget::id, key1)
+              .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+              .sync(uow);
+
+      String cacheKey = MappingUtil.getTableName(Widget.class, false) + "." + key1.toString();
+      uow.getCache().put(cacheKey, w1);
+      /*
+      w2 = session.<Widget>upsert(w1)
+              .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
+              .sync(uow);
+      uow.commit();
+      */
+      uow.abort();
+    }
+    //Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2);
+  }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testSelectAfterInsertProperlyCachesEntity() throws Exception {
+    Widget w1, w2, w3, w4;
+    UUID key = UUIDs.timeBased();
+
+    try (UnitOfWork uow = session.begin()) {
+      // This should cache the inserted Widget.
+      w1 =
+          session
+              .<Widget>insert(widget)
+              .value(widget::id, key)
+              .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
+              .value(widget::a, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::b, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::c, RandomString.make(10))
+              .value(widget::d, RandomString.make(10))
+              .sync(uow);
+
+      String cacheKey = MappingUtil.getTableName(Widget.class, false) + "." + key.toString();
+      uow.getCache().put(cacheKey, w1);
+      // This should read from the cache and get the same instance of a Widget.
+      w2 =
+          session.<Widget>select(widget).where(widget::id, eq(key)).single().sync(uow).orElse(null);
+      uow.getCache().put(cacheKey, w1);
+
+      uow.commit()
+          .andThen(
+              () -> {
+                Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2);
+              });
+    }
+
+    // This should read the widget from the session cache and maintain object identity.
+    w3 = session.<Widget>select(widget).where(widget::id, eq(key)).single().sync().orElse(null);
+
+    Assert.assertEquals(w1, w3);
+
+    // This should read the widget from the database, no object identity but
+    // values should match.
     w4 =
         session
             .<Widget>select(widget)
-            .where(widget::name, eq(w1.name()))
+            .where(widget::id, eq(key))
+            .uncached()
             .single()
             .sync()
             .orElse(null);
 
-    Assert.assertEquals(w4, null);
+    Assert.assertFalse(w1 == w4);
+    Assert.assertTrue(w1.equals(w4));
+    Assert.assertTrue(w4.equals(w1));
   }
-  /*
-  	@Test
-  	public void testInsertNoOp() throws Exception {
-  		Widget w1, w2;
-  		UUID key = UUIDs.timeBased();
-
-
-  		try (UnitOfWork uow = session.begin()) {
-  			// This should inserted Widget, but not cache it.
-  			w1 = session.<Widget>insert(widget).value(widget::id, key).value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20)).sync(uow);
-  			w2 = session.<Widget>insert(w1).value(widget::id, key).sync(uow);
-  		}
-  		Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2);
-  	}
-  */
-  /*
-   * @Test public void testSelectAfterInsertProperlyCachesEntity() throws
-   * Exception { Widget w1, w2, w3, w4; UUID key = UUIDs.timeBased();
-   *
-   * try (UnitOfWork uow = session.begin()) {
-   *
-   * // This should cache the inserted Widget. w1 = session.<Widget>insert(widget)
-   * .value(widget::id, key) .value(widget::name, RandomString.make(20))
-   * .sync(uow);
-   *
-   * // This should read from the cache and get the same instance of a Widget. w2
-   * = session.<Widget>select(widget) .where(widget::id, eq(key)) .single()
-   * .sync(uow) .orElse(null);
-   *
-   * uow.commit() .andThen(() -> { Assert.assertEquals(w1, w2); }); }
-   *
-   * // This should read the widget from the session cache and maintain object
-   * identity. w3 = session.<Widget>select(widget) .where(widget::id, eq(key))
-   * .single() .sync() .orElse(null);
-   *
-   * Assert.assertEquals(w1, w3);
-   *
-   * // This should read the widget from the database, no object identity but
-   * values should match. w4 = session.<Widget>select(widget) .where(widget::id,
-   * eq(key)) .uncached() .single() .sync() .orElse(null);
-   *
-   * Assert.assertNotEquals(w1, w4); Assert.assertTrue(w1.equals(w4)); }
-   */
 }

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/integration/core/views/MaterializedViewTest.java

@@ -22,9 +22,12 @@ import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
 import java.util.Date;
 import java.util.UUID;
 import java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;
+import net.helenus.core.ConflictingUnitOfWorkException;
 import net.helenus.core.Helenus;
 import net.helenus.core.HelenusSession;
+import net.helenus.core.UnitOfWork;
 import net.helenus.test.integration.build.AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest;
+import org.junit.Assert;
 import org.junit.BeforeClass;
 import org.junit.Test;
 
@@ -78,6 +81,34 @@ public class MaterializedViewTest extends AbstractEmbeddedCassandraTest {
         .from(CyclistsByAge.class)
         .where(cyclist::age, eq(18))
         .allowFiltering()
+        .single()
         .sync();
   }
+
+  @Test
+  public void testMvUnitOfWork()
+      throws TimeoutException, ConflictingUnitOfWorkException, Exception {
+    Cyclist c1, c2;
+
+    UnitOfWork uow = session.begin();
+    c1 =
+        session
+            .<Cyclist>select(Cyclist.class)
+            .from(CyclistsByAge.class)
+            .where(cyclist::age, eq(18))
+            .single()
+            .sync(uow)
+            .orElse(null);
+
+    c2 =
+        session
+            .<Cyclist>select(Cyclist.class)
+            .from(CyclistsByAge.class)
+            .where(cyclist::age, eq(18))
+            .single()
+            .sync(uow)
+            .orElse(null);
+    Assert.assertEquals(c1, c2);
+    uow.commit();
+  }
 }

src/test/java/net/helenus/test/unit/core/dsl/Account.java

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ public interface Account {
     return new Draft();
   }
 
-  class Draft implements Drafted { // TODO
+  class Draft implements Drafted<Account> {
 
     @Override
     public Set<String> mutated() {
@@ -47,7 +47,12 @@ public interface Account {
     }
 
     @Override
-    public Object build() {
+    public Account build() {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public Set<String> read() {
       return null;
     }