libdb/docs/gsg_txn/CXX/wrapup.html
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<title>Chapter 6. Summary and Examples</title>
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<th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 6. Summary and Examples</th>
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<div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
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<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title"><a id="wrapup"></a>Chapter 6. Summary and Examples</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="toc">
<p>
<b>Table of Contents</b>
</p>
<dl>
<dt>
<span class="sect1">
<a href="wrapup.html#anatomy">Anatomy of a Transactional Application</a>
</span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="sect1">
<a href="txnexample_c.html">Transaction Example</a>
</span>
</dt>
<dt>
<span class="sect1">
<a href="inmem_txnexample_c.html">In-Memory Transaction Example</a>
</span>
</dt>
</dl>
</div>
<p>
Throughout this manual we have presented the concepts and
mechanisms that you need to provide transactional protection for
your application. In this chapter, we summarize these
mechanisms, and we provide a complete example of a multi-threaded
transactional DB application.
</p>
<div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<div class="titlepage">
<div>
<div>
<h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="anatomy"></a>Anatomy of a Transactional Application</h2>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Transactional applications are characterized by performing the
following activities:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>
Create your environment handle.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Open your environment, specifying that the following
subsystems be used:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc">
<li>
<p>
Transactional Subsystem (this also initializes the
logging subsystem).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Memory pool (the in-memory cache).
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Logging subsystem.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Locking subsystem (if your application is multi-process or multi-threaded).
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>
It is also highly recommended that you run normal recovery
upon first environment open. Normal recovery examines only those logs required
to ensure your database files are consistent relative to the information found in your
log files.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Optionally spawn off any utility threads that you might need. Utility
threads can be used to run checkpoints periodically, or to
periodically run a deadlock detector if you do not want to
use DB's built-in deadlock detector.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Open whatever database handles that you need.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Spawn off worker threads. How many of these you need and
how they split their DB workload is entirely up to your
application's requirements. However, any worker threads
that perform write operations will do the following:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="a">
<li>
<p>
Begin a transaction.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Perform one or more read and write
operations.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Commit the transaction if all goes well.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Abort and retry the operation if a deadlock is
detected.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Abort the transaction for most other errors.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>
On application shutdown:
</p>
<div class="orderedlist">
<ol type="a">
<li>
<p>
Make sure there are no opened cursors.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Make sure there are no active transactions. Either
abort or commit all transactions before shutting
down.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Close your databases.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Close your environment.
</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
Robust DB applications should monitor their worker threads to
make sure they have not died unexpectedly. If a thread does
terminate abnormally, you must shutdown all your worker threads
and then run normal recovery (you will have to reopen your
environment to do this). This is the only way to clear any
resources (such as a lock or a mutex) that the abnormally
exiting worker thread might have been holding at the time that
it died.
</p>
<p>
Failure to perform this recovery can cause your
still-functioning worker threads to eventually block forever
while waiting for a lock that will never be released.
</p>
</div>
<p>
In addition to these activities, which are all entirely handled by
code within your application, there are some administrative
activities that you should perform:
</p>
<div class="itemizedlist">
<ul type="disc">
<li>
<p>
Periodically checkpoint your application. Checkpoints will
reduce the time to run recovery in the event that one is
required. See <a class="xref" href="filemanagement.html#checkpoints" title="Checkpoints">Checkpoints</a>
for details.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
Periodically back up your database and log files. This is
required in order to fully obtain the durability guarantee
made by DB's transaction ACID support. See
<a class="xref" href="backuprestore.html" title="Backup Procedures">Backup Procedures</a>
for more information.
</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>
You may want to maintain a hot failover if 24x7 processing
with rapid restart in the face of a disk hit is important
to you. See <a class="xref" href="hotfailover.html" title="Using Hot Failovers">Using Hot Failovers</a>
for more information.
</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
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