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396 lines
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<p class='location'>Module length_delimited</p><div class="sidebar-elems"><div class="block items"><ul><li><a href="#structs">Structs</a></li></ul></div><p class='location'><a href='../../index.html'>tokio_io</a>::<wbr><a href='../index.html'>codec</a></p><script>window.sidebarCurrent = {name: 'length_delimited', ty: 'mod', relpath: '../'};</script><script defer src="../sidebar-items.js"></script></div>
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<h1 class='fqn'><span class='in-band'>Module <a href='../../index.html'>tokio_io</a>::<wbr><a href='../index.html'>codec</a>::<wbr><a class="mod" href=''>length_delimited</a></span><span class='out-of-band'><span id='render-detail'>
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<a id="toggle-all-docs" href="javascript:void(0)" title="collapse all docs">
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[<span class='inner'>−</span>]
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</a>
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</span><a class='srclink' href='../../../src/tokio_io/codec/mod.rs.html#27-368' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h1>
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<div class='docblock'><p>Frame a stream of bytes based on a length prefix</p>
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<p>Many protocols delimit their frames by prefacing frame data with a
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frame head that specifies the length of the frame. The
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<code>length_delimited</code> module provides utilities for handling the length
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based framing. This allows the consumer to work with entire frames
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without having to worry about buffering or other framing logic.</p>
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<h1 id="getting-started" class="section-header"><a href="#getting-started">Getting started</a></h1>
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<p>If implementing a protocol from scratch, using length delimited framing
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is an easy way to get started. [<code>Framed::new()</code>] will adapt a
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full-duplex byte stream with a length delimited framer using default
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configuration values.</p>
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<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">tokio_io</span>::{<span class="ident">AsyncRead</span>, <span class="ident">AsyncWrite</span>};
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">tokio_io</span>::<span class="ident">codec</span>::<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>;
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<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">bind_transport</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">AsyncRead</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ident">AsyncWrite</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">io</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>)
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<span class="op">-></span> <span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Framed</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span><span class="op">></span>
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{
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<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Framed</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>)
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}</pre>
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<p>The returned transport implements <code>Sink + Stream</code> for <code>BytesMut</code>. It
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encodes the frame with a big-endian <code>u32</code> header denoting the frame
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payload length:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text">+----------+--------------------------------+
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| len: u32 | frame payload |
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+----------+--------------------------------+
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</code></pre>
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<p>Specifically, given the following:</p>
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<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">tokio_io</span>::{<span class="ident">AsyncRead</span>, <span class="ident">AsyncWrite</span>};
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">tokio_io</span>::<span class="ident">codec</span>::<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>;
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">bytes</span>::<span class="ident">BytesMut</span>;
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<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">futures</span>::{<span class="ident">Sink</span>, <span class="ident">Future</span>};
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<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">write_frame</span><span class="op"><</span><span class="ident">T</span>: <span class="ident">AsyncRead</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="ident">AsyncWrite</span><span class="op">></span>(<span class="ident">io</span>: <span class="ident">T</span>) {
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="kw-2">mut</span> <span class="ident">transport</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Framed</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>);
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<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">frame</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">BytesMut</span>::<span class="ident">from</span>(<span class="string">"hello world"</span>);
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<span class="ident">transport</span>.<span class="ident">send</span>(<span class="ident">frame</span>).<span class="ident">wait</span>().<span class="ident">unwrap</span>();
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}</pre>
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<p>The encoded frame will look like this:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text">+---- len: u32 ----+---- data ----+
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| \x00\x00\x00\x0b | hello world |
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+------------------+--------------+
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</code></pre>
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<h1 id="decoding" class="section-header"><a href="#decoding">Decoding</a></h1>
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<p><a href="struct.FramedRead.html"><code>FramedRead</code></a> adapts an <a href="../../trait.AsyncRead.html"><code>AsyncRead</code></a> into a <code>Stream</code> of <a href="https://docs.rs/bytes/%7E0.4/bytes/struct.BytesMut.html"><code>BytesMut</code></a>,
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such that each yielded <a href="https://docs.rs/bytes/%7E0.4/bytes/struct.BytesMut.html"><code>BytesMut</code></a> value contains the contents of an
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entire frame. There are many configuration parameters enabling
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[<code>FrameRead</code>] to handle a wide range of protocols. Here are some
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examples that will cover the various options at a high level.</p>
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<h2 id="example-1" class="section-header"><a href="#example-1">Example 1</a></h2>
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<p>The following will parse a <code>u16</code> length field at offset 0, including the
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frame head in the yielded <code>BytesMut</code>.</p>
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<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Builder</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>()
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.<span class="ident">length_field_offset</span>(<span class="number">0</span>) <span class="comment">// default value</span>
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.<span class="ident">length_field_length</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)
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.<span class="ident">length_adjustment</span>(<span class="number">0</span>) <span class="comment">// default value</span>
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.<span class="ident">num_skip</span>(<span class="number">0</span>) <span class="comment">// Do not strip frame header</span>
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.<span class="ident">new_read</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>);</pre>
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<p>The following frame will be decoded as such:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text"> INPUT DECODED
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+-- len ---+--- Payload ---+ +-- len ---+--- Payload ---+
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| \x00\x0B | Hello world | --> | \x00\x0B | Hello world |
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+----------+---------------+ +----------+---------------+
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</code></pre>
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<p>The value of the length field is 11 (<code>\x0B</code>) which represents the length
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of the payload, <code>hello world</code>. By default, <a href="struct.FramedRead.html"><code>FramedRead</code></a> assumes that
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the length field represents the number of bytes that <strong>follows</strong> the
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length field. Thus, the entire frame has a length of 13: 2 bytes for the
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frame head + 11 bytes for the payload.</p>
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<h2 id="example-2" class="section-header"><a href="#example-2">Example 2</a></h2>
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<p>The following will parse a <code>u16</code> length field at offset 0, omitting the
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frame head in the yielded <code>BytesMut</code>.</p>
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<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Builder</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>()
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.<span class="ident">length_field_offset</span>(<span class="number">0</span>) <span class="comment">// default value</span>
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.<span class="ident">length_field_length</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)
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.<span class="ident">length_adjustment</span>(<span class="number">0</span>) <span class="comment">// default value</span>
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<span class="comment">// `num_skip` is not needed, the default is to skip</span>
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.<span class="ident">new_read</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>);</pre>
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<p>The following frame will be decoded as such:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text"> INPUT DECODED
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+-- len ---+--- Payload ---+ +--- Payload ---+
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| \x00\x0B | Hello world | --> | Hello world |
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+----------+---------------+ +---------------+
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</code></pre>
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<p>This is similar to the first example, the only difference is that the
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frame head is <strong>not</strong> included in the yielded <code>BytesMut</code> value.</p>
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<h2 id="example-3" class="section-header"><a href="#example-3">Example 3</a></h2>
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<p>The following will parse a <code>u16</code> length field at offset 0, including the
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frame head in the yielded <code>BytesMut</code>. In this case, the length field
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<strong>includes</strong> the frame head length.</p>
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<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Builder</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>()
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.<span class="ident">length_field_offset</span>(<span class="number">0</span>) <span class="comment">// default value</span>
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.<span class="ident">length_field_length</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)
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.<span class="ident">length_adjustment</span>(<span class="op">-</span><span class="number">2</span>) <span class="comment">// size of head</span>
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.<span class="ident">num_skip</span>(<span class="number">0</span>)
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.<span class="ident">new_read</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>);</pre>
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<p>The following frame will be decoded as such:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text"> INPUT DECODED
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+-- len ---+--- Payload ---+ +-- len ---+--- Payload ---+
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| \x00\x0D | Hello world | --> | \x00\x0D | Hello world |
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+----------+---------------+ +----------+---------------+
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</code></pre>
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<p>In most cases, the length field represents the length of the payload
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only, as shown in the previous examples. However, in some protocols the
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length field represents the length of the whole frame, including the
|
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head. In such cases, we specify a negative <code>length_adjustment</code> to adjust
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the value provided in the frame head to represent the payload length.</p>
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<h2 id="example-4" class="section-header"><a href="#example-4">Example 4</a></h2>
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<p>The following will parse a 3 byte length field at offset 0 in a 5 byte
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frame head, including the frame head in the yielded <code>BytesMut</code>.</p>
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<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
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<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Builder</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>()
|
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.<span class="ident">length_field_offset</span>(<span class="number">0</span>) <span class="comment">// default value</span>
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.<span class="ident">length_field_length</span>(<span class="number">3</span>)
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.<span class="ident">length_adjustment</span>(<span class="number">2</span>) <span class="comment">// remaining head</span>
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.<span class="ident">num_skip</span>(<span class="number">0</span>)
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.<span class="ident">new_read</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>);</pre>
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<p>The following frame will be decoded as such:</p>
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<pre><code class="language-text"> INPUT
|
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|
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+---- len -----+- head -+--- Payload ---+
|
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|
|
| \x00\x00\x0B | \xCAFE | Hello world |
|
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+--------------+--------+---------------+
|
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|
|
|
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DECODED
|
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+---- len -----+- head -+--- Payload ---+
|
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|
|
| \x00\x00\x0B | \xCAFE | Hello world |
|
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+--------------+--------+---------------+
|
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</code></pre>
|
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<p>A more advanced example that shows a case where there is extra frame
|
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|
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head data between the length field and the payload. In such cases, it is
|
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usually desirable to include the frame head as part of the yielded
|
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|
|
<code>BytesMut</code>. This lets consumers of the length delimited framer to
|
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|
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process the frame head as needed.</p>
|
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|
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<p>The positive <code>length_adjustment</code> value lets <code>FramedRead</code> factor in the
|
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|
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additional head into the frame length calculation.</p>
|
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<h2 id="example-5" class="section-header"><a href="#example-5">Example 5</a></h2>
|
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<p>The following will parse a <code>u16</code> length field at offset 1 of a 4 byte
|
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|
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frame head. The first byte and the length field will be omitted from the
|
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|
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yielded <code>BytesMut</code>, but the trailing 2 bytes of the frame head will be
|
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|
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included.</p>
|
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|
|
|
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|
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<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
|
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|
|
<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Builder</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>()
|
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|
|
.<span class="ident">length_field_offset</span>(<span class="number">1</span>) <span class="comment">// length of hdr1</span>
|
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|
|
.<span class="ident">length_field_length</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)
|
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|
|
.<span class="ident">length_adjustment</span>(<span class="number">1</span>) <span class="comment">// length of hdr2</span>
|
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.<span class="ident">num_skip</span>(<span class="number">3</span>) <span class="comment">// length of hdr1 + LEN</span>
|
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.<span class="ident">new_read</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>);</pre>
|
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<p>The following frame will be decoded as such:</p>
|
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<pre><code class="language-text"> INPUT
|
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|
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+- hdr1 -+-- len ---+- hdr2 -+--- Payload ---+
|
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| \xCA | \x00\x0B | \xFE | Hello world |
|
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+--------+----------+--------+---------------+
|
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|
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|
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DECODED
|
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+- hdr2 -+--- Payload ---+
|
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| \xFE | Hello world |
|
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+--------+---------------+
|
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|
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</code></pre>
|
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<p>The length field is situated in the middle of the frame head. In this
|
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case, the first byte in the frame head could be a version or some other
|
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|
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identifier that is not needed for processing. On the other hand, the
|
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second half of the head is needed.</p>
|
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<p><code>length_field_offset</code> indicates how many bytes to skip before starting
|
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|
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to read the length field. <code>length_adjustment</code> is the number of bytes to
|
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|
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skip starting at the end of the length field. In this case, it is the
|
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|
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second half of the head.</p>
|
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<h2 id="example-6" class="section-header"><a href="#example-6">Example 6</a></h2>
|
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|
|
<p>The following will parse a <code>u16</code> length field at offset 1 of a 4 byte
|
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|
|
frame head. The first byte and the length field will be omitted from the
|
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|
|
yielded <code>BytesMut</code>, but the trailing 2 bytes of the frame head will be
|
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|
|
included. In this case, the length field <strong>includes</strong> the frame head
|
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|
|
length.</p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Builder</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>()
|
|||
|
|
.<span class="ident">length_field_offset</span>(<span class="number">1</span>) <span class="comment">// length of hdr1</span>
|
|||
|
|
.<span class="ident">length_field_length</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)
|
|||
|
|
.<span class="ident">length_adjustment</span>(<span class="op">-</span><span class="number">3</span>) <span class="comment">// length of hdr1 + LEN, negative</span>
|
|||
|
|
.<span class="ident">num_skip</span>(<span class="number">3</span>)
|
|||
|
|
.<span class="ident">new_read</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>);</pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>The following frame will be decoded as such:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text"> INPUT
|
|||
|
|
+- hdr1 -+-- len ---+- hdr2 -+--- Payload ---+
|
|||
|
|
| \xCA | \x00\x0F | \xFE | Hello world |
|
|||
|
|
+--------+----------+--------+---------------+
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
DECODED
|
|||
|
|
+- hdr2 -+--- Payload ---+
|
|||
|
|
| \xFE | Hello world |
|
|||
|
|
+--------+---------------+
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Similar to the example above, the difference is that the length field
|
|||
|
|
represents the length of the entire frame instead of just the payload.
|
|||
|
|
The length of <code>hdr1</code> and <code>len</code> must be counted in <code>length_adjustment</code>.
|
|||
|
|
Note that the length of <code>hdr2</code> does <strong>not</strong> need to be explicitly set
|
|||
|
|
anywhere because it already is factored into the total frame length that
|
|||
|
|
is read from the byte stream.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<h1 id="encoding" class="section-header"><a href="#encoding">Encoding</a></h1>
|
|||
|
|
<p><a href="struct.FramedWrite.html"><code>FramedWrite</code></a> adapts an <a href="../../trait.AsyncWrite.html"><code>AsyncWrite</code></a> into a <code>Sink</code> of <a href="https://docs.rs/bytes/%7E0.4/bytes/struct.BytesMut.html"><code>BytesMut</code></a>,
|
|||
|
|
such that each submitted <a href="https://docs.rs/bytes/%7E0.4/bytes/struct.BytesMut.html"><code>BytesMut</code></a> is prefaced by a length field.
|
|||
|
|
There are fewer configuration options than <a href="struct.FramedRead.html"><code>FramedRead</code></a>. Given
|
|||
|
|
protocols that have more complex frame heads, an encoder should probably
|
|||
|
|
be written by hand using <a href="../trait.Encoder.html"><code>Encoder</code></a>.</p>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Here is a simple example, given a <code>FramedWrite</code> with the following
|
|||
|
|
configuration:</p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
|
|||
|
|
<span class="ident">length_delimited</span>::<span class="ident">Builder</span>::<span class="ident">new</span>()
|
|||
|
|
.<span class="ident">length_field_length</span>(<span class="number">2</span>)
|
|||
|
|
.<span class="ident">new_write</span>(<span class="ident">io</span>);</pre>
|
|||
|
|
<p>A payload of <code>hello world</code> will be encoded as:</p>
|
|||
|
|
<pre><code class="language-text">+- len: u16 -+---- data ----+
|
|||
|
|
| \x00\x0b | hello world |
|
|||
|
|
+------------+--------------+
|
|||
|
|
</code></pre>
|
|||
|
|
</div><h2 id='structs' class='section-header'><a href="#structs">Structs</a></h2>
|
|||
|
|
<table>
|
|||
|
|
<tr class=' module-item'>
|
|||
|
|
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.Builder.html"
|
|||
|
|
title='struct tokio_io::codec::length_delimited::Builder'>Builder</a></td>
|
|||
|
|
<td class='docblock-short'>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Configure length delimited <code>FramedRead</code>, <code>FramedWrite</code>, and <code>Framed</code> values.</p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr class=' module-item'>
|
|||
|
|
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.FrameTooBig.html"
|
|||
|
|
title='struct tokio_io::codec::length_delimited::FrameTooBig'>FrameTooBig</a></td>
|
|||
|
|
<td class='docblock-short'>
|
|||
|
|
<p>An error when the number of bytes read is more than max frame length.</p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr class=' module-item'>
|
|||
|
|
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.Framed.html"
|
|||
|
|
title='struct tokio_io::codec::length_delimited::Framed'>Framed</a></td>
|
|||
|
|
<td class='docblock-short'>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Adapts a byte stream into a unified <code>Stream</code> and <code>Sink</code> that works over
|
|||
|
|
entire frame values.</p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr class=' module-item'>
|
|||
|
|
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.FramedRead.html"
|
|||
|
|
title='struct tokio_io::codec::length_delimited::FramedRead'>FramedRead</a></td>
|
|||
|
|
<td class='docblock-short'>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Adapts a byte stream to a <code>Stream</code> yielding entire frame values.</p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr>
|
|||
|
|
<tr class=' module-item'>
|
|||
|
|
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.FramedWrite.html"
|
|||
|
|
title='struct tokio_io::codec::length_delimited::FramedWrite'>FramedWrite</a></td>
|
|||
|
|
<td class='docblock-short'>
|
|||
|
|
<p>Adapts a byte stream to a <code>Sink</code> accepting entire frame values.</p>
|
|||
|
|
|
|||
|
|
</td>
|
|||
|
|
</tr></table></section>
|
|||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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<h1 class="hidden">Help</h1>
|
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|
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|
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<div class="shortcuts">
|
|||
|
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<h2>Keyboard Shortcuts</h2>
|
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|
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|
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|
|||
|
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|
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</div>
|
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<div class="infos">
|
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|
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<h2>Search Tricks</h2>
|
|||
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|
|||
|
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<p>
|
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|
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Prefix searches with a type followed by a colon (e.g.
|
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|
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<code>fn:</code>) to restrict the search to a given type.
|
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</p>
|
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|
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|
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<p>
|
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|
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Accepted types are: <code>fn</code>, <code>mod</code>,
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<code>struct</code>, <code>enum</code>,
|
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<code>trait</code>, <code>type</code>, <code>macro</code>,
|
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and <code>const</code>.
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</p>
|
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|
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<p>
|
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Search functions by type signature (e.g.
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<code>vec -> usize</code> or <code>* -> vec</code>)
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