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<div class='docblock'><h1 id="serde-json" class="section-header"><a href="#serde-json">Serde JSON</a></h1>
<p>JSON is a ubiquitous open-standard format that uses human-readable text to
transmit data objects consisting of key-value pairs.</p>
<pre><code class="language-json,ignore">{
&quot;name&quot;: &quot;John Doe&quot;,
&quot;age&quot;: 43,
&quot;address&quot;: {
&quot;street&quot;: &quot;10 Downing Street&quot;,
&quot;city&quot;: &quot;London&quot;
},
&quot;phones&quot;: [
&quot;+44 1234567&quot;,
&quot;+44 2345678&quot;
]
}
</code></pre>
<p>There are three common ways that you might find yourself needing to work
with JSON data in Rust.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>As text data.</strong> An unprocessed string of JSON data that you receive on
an HTTP endpoint, read from a file, or prepare to send to a remote
server.</li>
<li><strong>As an untyped or loosely typed representation.</strong> Maybe you want to
check that some JSON data is valid before passing it on, but without
knowing the structure of what it contains. Or you want to do very basic
manipulations like insert a key in a particular spot.</li>
<li><strong>As a strongly typed Rust data structure.</strong> When you expect all or most
of your data to conform to a particular structure and want to get real
work done without JSON's loosey-goosey nature tripping you up.</li>
</ul>
<p>Serde JSON provides efficient, flexible, safe ways of converting data
between each of these representations.</p>
<h1 id="operating-on-untyped-json-values" class="section-header"><a href="#operating-on-untyped-json-values">Operating on untyped JSON values</a></h1>
<p>Any valid JSON data can be manipulated in the following recursive enum
representation. This data structure is <a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/value/enum.Value.html"><code>serde_json::Value</code></a>.</p>
<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
<span class="kw">enum</span> <span class="ident">Value</span> {
<span class="ident">Null</span>,
<span class="ident">Bool</span>(<span class="ident">bool</span>),
<span class="ident">Number</span>(<span class="ident">Number</span>),
<span class="ident">String</span>(<span class="ident">String</span>),
<span class="ident">Array</span>(<span class="ident">Vec</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">Value</span><span class="op">&gt;</span>),
<span class="ident">Object</span>(<span class="ident">Map</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">String</span>, <span class="ident">Value</span><span class="op">&gt;</span>),
}</pre>
<p>A string of JSON data can be parsed into a <code>serde_json::Value</code> by the
<a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/de/fn.from_str.html"><code>serde_json::from_str</code></a> function. There is also
<a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/de/fn.from_slice.html"><code>from_slice</code></a> for parsing from a byte slice &amp;[u8] and
<a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/de/fn.from_reader.html"><code>from_reader</code></a> for parsing from any <code>io::Read</code> like a File or
a TCP stream.</p>
<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
<span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="kw">crate</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>::{<span class="ident">Value</span>, <span class="ident">Error</span>};
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">untyped_example</span>() <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>(), <span class="ident">Error</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
<span class="comment">// Some JSON input data as a &amp;str. Maybe this comes from the user.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">data</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">r#&quot;{
&quot;name&quot;: &quot;John Doe&quot;,
&quot;age&quot;: 43,
&quot;phones&quot;: [
&quot;+44 1234567&quot;,
&quot;+44 2345678&quot;
]
}&quot;#</span>;
<span class="comment">// Parse the string of data into serde_json::Value.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">v</span>: <span class="ident">Value</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>::<span class="ident">from_str</span>(<span class="ident">data</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="comment">// Access parts of the data by indexing with square brackets.</span>
<span class="macro">println</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;Please call {} at the number {}&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">v</span>[<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span>], <span class="ident">v</span>[<span class="string">&quot;phones&quot;</span>][<span class="number">0</span>]);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}</pre>
<p>The result of square bracket indexing like <code>v[&quot;name&quot;]</code> is a borrow of the
data at that index, so the type is <code>&amp;Value</code>. A JSON map can be indexed with
string keys, while a JSON array can be indexed with integer keys. If the
type of the data is not right for the type with which it is being indexed,
or if a map does not contain the key being indexed, or if the index into a
vector is out of bounds, the returned element is <code>Value::Null</code>.</p>
<p>When a <code>Value</code> is printed, it is printed as a JSON string. So in the code
above, the output looks like <code>Please call &quot;John Doe&quot; at the number &quot;+44 1234567&quot;</code>. The quotation marks appear because <code>v[&quot;name&quot;]</code> is a <code>&amp;Value</code>
containing a JSON string and its JSON representation is <code>&quot;John Doe&quot;</code>.
Printing as a plain string without quotation marks involves converting from
a JSON string to a Rust string with <a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/enum.Value.html#method.as_str"><code>as_str()</code></a> or avoiding the use of
<code>Value</code> as described in the following section.</p>
<p>The <code>Value</code> representation is sufficient for very basic tasks but can be
tedious to work with for anything more significant. Error handling is
verbose to implement correctly, for example imagine trying to detect the
presence of unrecognized fields in the input data. The compiler is powerless
to help you when you make a mistake, for example imagine typoing <code>v[&quot;name&quot;]</code>
as <code>v[&quot;nmae&quot;]</code> in one of the dozens of places it is used in your code.</p>
<h1 id="parsing-json-as-strongly-typed-data-structures" class="section-header"><a href="#parsing-json-as-strongly-typed-data-structures">Parsing JSON as strongly typed data structures</a></h1>
<p>Serde provides a powerful way of mapping JSON data into Rust data structures
largely automatically.</p>
<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
<span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="kw">crate</span> <span class="ident">serde</span>;
<span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="kw">crate</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">macro_use</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="kw">crate</span> <span class="ident">serde_derive</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>::<span class="ident">Error</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Serialize</span>, <span class="ident">Deserialize</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Person</span> {
<span class="ident">name</span>: <span class="ident">String</span>,
<span class="ident">age</span>: <span class="ident">u8</span>,
<span class="ident">phones</span>: <span class="ident">Vec</span><span class="op">&lt;</span><span class="ident">String</span><span class="op">&gt;</span>,
}
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">typed_example</span>() <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>(), <span class="ident">Error</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
<span class="comment">// Some JSON input data as a &amp;str. Maybe this comes from the user.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">data</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">r#&quot;{
&quot;name&quot;: &quot;John Doe&quot;,
&quot;age&quot;: 43,
&quot;phones&quot;: [
&quot;+44 1234567&quot;,
&quot;+44 2345678&quot;
]
}&quot;#</span>;
<span class="comment">// Parse the string of data into a Person object. This is exactly the</span>
<span class="comment">// same function as the one that produced serde_json::Value above, but</span>
<span class="comment">// now we are asking it for a Person as output.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">p</span>: <span class="ident">Person</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>::<span class="ident">from_str</span>(<span class="ident">data</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="comment">// Do things just like with any other Rust data structure.</span>
<span class="macro">println</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;Please call {} at the number {}&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">name</span>, <span class="ident">p</span>.<span class="ident">phones</span>[<span class="number">0</span>]);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}</pre>
<p>This is the same <code>serde_json::from_str</code> function as before, but this time we
assign the return value to a variable of type <code>Person</code> so Serde will
automatically interpret the input data as a <code>Person</code> and produce informative
error messages if the layout does not conform to what a <code>Person</code> is expected
to look like.</p>
<p>Any type that implements Serde's <code>Deserialize</code> trait can be deserialized
this way. This includes built-in Rust standard library types like <code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code>
and <code>HashMap&lt;K, V&gt;</code>, as well as any structs or enums annotated with
<code>#[derive(Deserialize)]</code>.</p>
<p>Once we have <code>p</code> of type <code>Person</code>, our IDE and the Rust compiler can help us
use it correctly like they do for any other Rust code. The IDE can
autocomplete field names to prevent typos, which was impossible in the
<code>serde_json::Value</code> representation. And the Rust compiler can check that
when we write <code>p.phones[0]</code>, then <code>p.phones</code> is guaranteed to be a
<code>Vec&lt;String&gt;</code> so indexing into it makes sense and produces a <code>String</code>.</p>
<h1 id="constructing-json-values" class="section-header"><a href="#constructing-json-values">Constructing JSON values</a></h1>
<p>Serde JSON provides a <a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/macro.json.html"><code>json!</code> macro</a> to build <code>serde_json::Value</code>
objects with very natural JSON syntax. In order to use this macro,
<code>serde_json</code> needs to be imported with the <code>#[macro_use]</code> attribute.</p>
<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">macro_use</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="kw">crate</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>;
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">main</span>() {
<span class="comment">// The type of `john` is `serde_json::Value`</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">john</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="macro">json</span><span class="macro">!</span>({
<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="string">&quot;John Doe&quot;</span>,
<span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span>: <span class="number">43</span>,
<span class="string">&quot;phones&quot;</span>: [
<span class="string">&quot;+44 1234567&quot;</span>,
<span class="string">&quot;+44 2345678&quot;</span>
]
});
<span class="macro">println</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;first phone number: {}&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">john</span>[<span class="string">&quot;phones&quot;</span>][<span class="number">0</span>]);
<span class="comment">// Convert to a string of JSON and print it out</span>
<span class="macro">println</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;{}&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">john</span>.<span class="ident">to_string</span>());
}</pre>
<p>The <code>Value::to_string()</code> function converts a <code>serde_json::Value</code> into a
<code>String</code> of JSON text.</p>
<p>One neat thing about the <code>json!</code> macro is that variables and expressions can
be interpolated directly into the JSON value as you are building it. Serde
will check at compile time that the value you are interpolating is able to
be represented as JSON.</p>
<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">full_name</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="string">&quot;John Doe&quot;</span>;
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">age_last_year</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="number">42</span>;
<span class="comment">// The type of `john` is `serde_json::Value`</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">john</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="macro">json</span><span class="macro">!</span>({
<span class="string">&quot;name&quot;</span>: <span class="ident">full_name</span>,
<span class="string">&quot;age&quot;</span>: <span class="ident">age_last_year</span> <span class="op">+</span> <span class="number">1</span>,
<span class="string">&quot;phones&quot;</span>: [
<span class="macro">format</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;+44 {}&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">random_phone</span>())
]
});</pre>
<p>This is amazingly convenient but we have the problem we had before with
<code>Value</code> which is that the IDE and Rust compiler cannot help us if we get it
wrong. Serde JSON provides a better way of serializing strongly-typed data
structures into JSON text.</p>
<h1 id="creating-json-by-serializing-data-structures" class="section-header"><a href="#creating-json-by-serializing-data-structures">Creating JSON by serializing data structures</a></h1>
<p>A data structure can be converted to a JSON string by
<a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/ser/fn.to_string.html"><code>serde_json::to_string</code></a>. There is also
<a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/ser/fn.to_vec.html"><code>serde_json::to_vec</code></a> which serializes to a <code>Vec&lt;u8&gt;</code> and
<a href="https://docs.serde.rs/serde_json/ser/fn.to_writer.html"><code>serde_json::to_writer</code></a> which serializes to any <code>io::Write</code>
such as a File or a TCP stream.</p>
<pre class="rust rust-example-rendered">
<span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="kw">crate</span> <span class="ident">serde</span>;
<span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="kw">crate</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">macro_use</span>]</span>
<span class="kw">extern</span> <span class="kw">crate</span> <span class="ident">serde_derive</span>;
<span class="kw">use</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>::<span class="ident">Error</span>;
<span class="attribute">#[<span class="ident">derive</span>(<span class="ident">Serialize</span>, <span class="ident">Deserialize</span>)]</span>
<span class="kw">struct</span> <span class="ident">Address</span> {
<span class="ident">street</span>: <span class="ident">String</span>,
<span class="ident">city</span>: <span class="ident">String</span>,
}
<span class="kw">fn</span> <span class="ident">print_an_address</span>() <span class="op">-&gt;</span> <span class="prelude-ty">Result</span><span class="op">&lt;</span>(), <span class="ident">Error</span><span class="op">&gt;</span> {
<span class="comment">// Some data structure.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">address</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">Address</span> {
<span class="ident">street</span>: <span class="string">&quot;10 Downing Street&quot;</span>.<span class="ident">to_owned</span>(),
<span class="ident">city</span>: <span class="string">&quot;London&quot;</span>.<span class="ident">to_owned</span>(),
};
<span class="comment">// Serialize it to a JSON string.</span>
<span class="kw">let</span> <span class="ident">j</span> <span class="op">=</span> <span class="ident">serde_json</span>::<span class="ident">to_string</span>(<span class="kw-2">&amp;</span><span class="ident">address</span>)<span class="question-mark">?</span>;
<span class="comment">// Print, write to a file, or send to an HTTP server.</span>
<span class="macro">println</span><span class="macro">!</span>(<span class="string">&quot;{}&quot;</span>, <span class="ident">j</span>);
<span class="prelude-val">Ok</span>(())
}</pre>
<p>Any type that implements Serde's <code>Serialize</code> trait can be serialized this
way. This includes built-in Rust standard library types like <code>Vec&lt;T&gt;</code> and
<code>HashMap&lt;K, V&gt;</code>, as well as any structs or enums annotated with
<code>#[derive(Serialize)]</code>.</p>
<h1 id="no-std-support" class="section-header"><a href="#no-std-support">No-std support</a></h1>
<p>This crate currently requires the Rust standard library. For JSON support in
Serde without a standard library, please see the <a href="https://japaric.github.io/serde-json-core/serde_json_core/"><code>serde-json-core</code></a> crate.</p>
</div><h2 id='modules' class='section-header'><a href="#modules">Modules</a></h2>
<table>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="mod" href="de/index.html"
title='mod serde_json::de'>de</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Deserialize JSON data to a Rust data structure.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="mod" href="error/index.html"
title='mod serde_json::error'>error</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>When serializing or deserializing JSON goes wrong.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="mod" href="map/index.html"
title='mod serde_json::map'>map</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>A map of String to serde_json::Value.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="mod" href="ser/index.html"
title='mod serde_json::ser'>ser</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Serialize a Rust data structure into JSON data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="mod" href="value/index.html"
title='mod serde_json::value'>value</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>The Value enum, a loosely typed way of representing any valid JSON value.</p>
</td>
</tr></table><h2 id='macros' class='section-header'><a href="#macros">Macros</a></h2>
<table>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="macro" href="macro.json.html"
title='macro serde_json::json'>json</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Construct a <code>serde_json::Value</code> from a JSON literal.</p>
</td>
</tr></table><h2 id='structs' class='section-header'><a href="#structs">Structs</a></h2>
<table>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.Deserializer.html"
title='struct serde_json::Deserializer'>Deserializer</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>A structure that deserializes JSON into Rust values.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.Error.html"
title='struct serde_json::Error'>Error</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>This type represents all possible errors that can occur when serializing or
deserializing JSON data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.Map.html"
title='struct serde_json::Map'>Map</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Represents a JSON key/value type.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.Number.html"
title='struct serde_json::Number'>Number</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Represents a JSON number, whether integer or floating point.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.Serializer.html"
title='struct serde_json::Serializer'>Serializer</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>A structure for serializing Rust values into JSON.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="struct" href="struct.StreamDeserializer.html"
title='struct serde_json::StreamDeserializer'>StreamDeserializer</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Iterator that deserializes a stream into multiple JSON values.</p>
</td>
</tr></table><h2 id='enums' class='section-header'><a href="#enums">Enums</a></h2>
<table>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="enum" href="enum.Value.html"
title='enum serde_json::Value'>Value</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Represents any valid JSON value.</p>
</td>
</tr></table><h2 id='functions' class='section-header'><a href="#functions">Functions</a></h2>
<table>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.from_reader.html"
title='fn serde_json::from_reader'>from_reader</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Deserialize an instance of type <code>T</code> from an IO stream of JSON.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.from_slice.html"
title='fn serde_json::from_slice'>from_slice</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Deserialize an instance of type <code>T</code> from bytes of JSON text.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.from_str.html"
title='fn serde_json::from_str'>from_str</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Deserialize an instance of type <code>T</code> from a string of JSON text.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.from_value.html"
title='fn serde_json::from_value'>from_value</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Interpret a <code>serde_json::Value</code> as an instance of type <code>T</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.to_string.html"
title='fn serde_json::to_string'>to_string</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Serialize the given data structure as a String of JSON.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.to_string_pretty.html"
title='fn serde_json::to_string_pretty'>to_string_pretty</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Serialize the given data structure as a pretty-printed String of JSON.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.to_value.html"
title='fn serde_json::to_value'>to_value</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Convert a <code>T</code> into <code>serde_json::Value</code> which is an enum that can represent
any valid JSON data.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.to_vec.html"
title='fn serde_json::to_vec'>to_vec</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Serialize the given data structure as a JSON byte vector.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.to_vec_pretty.html"
title='fn serde_json::to_vec_pretty'>to_vec_pretty</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Serialize the given data structure as a pretty-printed JSON byte vector.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.to_writer.html"
title='fn serde_json::to_writer'>to_writer</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Serialize the given data structure as JSON into the IO stream.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="fn" href="fn.to_writer_pretty.html"
title='fn serde_json::to_writer_pretty'>to_writer_pretty</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Serialize the given data structure as pretty-printed JSON into the IO
stream.</p>
</td>
</tr></table><h2 id='types' class='section-header'><a href="#types">Type Definitions</a></h2>
<table>
<tr class=' module-item'>
<td><a class="type" href="type.Result.html"
title='type serde_json::Result'>Result</a></td>
<td class='docblock-short'>
<p>Alias for a <code>Result</code> with the error type <code>serde_json::Error</code>.</p>
</td>
</tr></table></section>
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