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<p class='location'>Trait Fail</p><div class="sidebar-elems"><div class="block items"><a class="sidebar-title" href="#provided-methods">Provided Methods</a><div class="sidebar-links"><a href="#method.cause">cause</a><a href="#method.backtrace">backtrace</a><a href="#method.context">context</a><a href="#method.compat">compat</a></div><a class="sidebar-title" href="#foreign-impls">Implementations on Foreign Types</a><div class="sidebar-links"><a href="#impl-Fail">Box<Fail></a></div><a class="sidebar-title" href="#implementors">Implementors</a><a class="sidebar-title" href="#methods">Methods</a><div class="sidebar-links"><a href="#method.downcast_ref">downcast_ref</a><a href="#method.downcast_mut">downcast_mut</a><a href="#method.find_root_cause">find_root_cause</a><a href="#method.iter_causes">iter_causes</a><a href="#method.iter_chain">iter_chain</a><a href="#method.root_cause">root_cause</a><a href="#method.causes">causes</a></div><a class="sidebar-title" href="#implementations">Trait Implementations</a><div class="sidebar-links"><a href="#impl-AsRef%3CFail%3E">AsRef<Fail></a></div></div><p class='location'><a href='index.html'>failure</a></p><script>window.sidebarCurrent = {name: 'Fail', ty: 'trait', relpath: ''};</script><script defer src="sidebar-items.js"></script></div>
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<h1 class='fqn'><span class='in-band'>Trait <a href='index.html'>failure</a>::<wbr><a class="trait" href=''>Fail</a></span><span class='out-of-band'><span id='render-detail'>
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[<span class='inner'>−</span>]
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</span><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#106-185' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h1>
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<pre class='rust trait'>pub trait Fail: <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/trait.Display.html" title="trait core::fmt::Display">Display</a> + <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/trait.Debug.html" title="trait core::fmt::Debug">Debug</a> + <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Send.html" title="trait core::marker::Send">Send</a> + <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Sync.html" title="trait core::marker::Sync">Sync</a> + 'static {
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fn <a href='#method.cause' class='fnname'>cause</a>(&self) -> <a class="enum" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum core::option::Option">Option</a><&<a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a>> { ... }
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<div class='item-spacer'></div> fn <a href='#method.backtrace' class='fnname'>backtrace</a>(&self) -> <a class="enum" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum core::option::Option">Option</a><&<a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Backtrace.html" title="struct failure::Backtrace">Backtrace</a>> { ... }
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<div class='item-spacer'></div> fn <a href='#method.context' class='fnname'>context</a><D>(self, context: D) -> <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Context.html" title="struct failure::Context">Context</a><D><br> <span class="where">where<br> D: <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/trait.Display.html" title="trait core::fmt::Display">Display</a> + <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Send.html" title="trait core::marker::Send">Send</a> + <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Sync.html" title="trait core::marker::Sync">Sync</a> + 'static,<br> Self: <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait core::marker::Sized">Sized</a></span>,
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{ ... }
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<div class='item-spacer'></div> fn <a href='#method.compat' class='fnname'>compat</a>(self) -> <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Compat.html" title="struct failure::Compat">Compat</a><Self><br> <span class="where">where<br> Self: <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait core::marker::Sized">Sized</a></span>,
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{ ... }
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}</pre><div class='docblock'><p>The <code>Fail</code> trait.</p>
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<p>Implementors of this trait are called 'failures'.</p>
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<p>All error types should implement <code>Fail</code>, which provides a baseline of
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functionality that they all share.</p>
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<p><code>Fail</code> has no required methods, but it does require that your type
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implement several other traits:</p>
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<ul>
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<li><code>Display</code>: to print a user-friendly representation of the error.</li>
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<li><code>Debug</code>: to print a verbose, developer-focused representation of the
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error.</li>
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<li><code>Send + Sync</code>: Your error type is required to be safe to transfer to and
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reference from another thread</li>
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</ul>
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<p>Additionally, all failures must be <code>'static</code>. This enables downcasting.</p>
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<p><code>Fail</code> provides several methods with default implementations. Two of these
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may be appropriate to override depending on the definition of your
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particular failure: the <code>cause</code> and <code>backtrace</code> methods.</p>
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<p>The <code>failure_derive</code> crate provides a way to derive the <code>Fail</code> trait for
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your type. Additionally, all types that already implement
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<code>std::error::Error</code>, and are also <code>Send</code>, <code>Sync</code>, and <code>'static</code>, implement
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<code>Fail</code> by a blanket impl.</p>
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</div>
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<h2 id='provided-methods' class='small-section-header'>
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Provided Methods<a href='#provided-methods' class='anchor'></a>
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</h2>
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<div class='methods'>
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<h3 id='method.cause' class='method'><span id='cause.v' class='invisible'><code>fn <a href='#method.cause' class='fnname'>cause</a>(&self) -> <a class="enum" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum core::option::Option">Option</a><&<a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a>></code></span></h3><div class='docblock'><p>Returns a reference to the underlying cause of this failure, if it
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is an error that wraps other errors.</p>
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<p>Returns <code>None</code> if this failure does not have another error as its
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underlying cause. By default, this returns <code>None</code>.</p>
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<p>This should <strong>never</strong> return a reference to <code>self</code>, but only return
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<code>Some</code> when it can return a <strong>different</strong> failure. Users may loop
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over the cause chain, and returning <code>self</code> would result in an infinite
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loop.</p>
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</div><h3 id='method.backtrace' class='method'><span id='backtrace.v' class='invisible'><code>fn <a href='#method.backtrace' class='fnname'>backtrace</a>(&self) -> <a class="enum" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum core::option::Option">Option</a><&<a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Backtrace.html" title="struct failure::Backtrace">Backtrace</a>></code></span></h3><div class='docblock'><p>Returns a reference to the <code>Backtrace</code> carried by this failure, if it
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carries one.</p>
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<p>Returns <code>None</code> if this failure does not carry a backtrace. By
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default, this returns <code>None</code>.</p>
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</div><h3 id='method.context' class='method'><span id='context.v' class='invisible'><code>fn <a href='#method.context' class='fnname'>context</a><D>(self, context: D) -> <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Context.html" title="struct failure::Context">Context</a><D> <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> D: <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/fmt/trait.Display.html" title="trait core::fmt::Display">Display</a> + <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Send.html" title="trait core::marker::Send">Send</a> + <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Sync.html" title="trait core::marker::Sync">Sync</a> + 'static,<br> Self: <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait core::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></code></span></h3><div class='docblock'><p>Provides context for this failure.</p>
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<p>This can provide additional information about this error, appropriate
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to the semantics of the current layer. That is, if you have a
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lower-level error, such as an IO error, you can provide additional context
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about what that error means in the context of your function. This
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gives users of this function more information about what has gone
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wrong.</p>
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<p>This takes any type that implements <code>Display</code>, as well as
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<code>Send</code>/<code>Sync</code>/<code>'static</code>. In practice, this means it can take a <code>String</code>
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or a string literal, or another failure, or some other custom context-carrying
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type.</p>
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</div><h3 id='method.compat' class='method'><span id='compat.v' class='invisible'><code>fn <a href='#method.compat' class='fnname'>compat</a>(self) -> <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Compat.html" title="struct failure::Compat">Compat</a><Self> <span class="where fmt-newline">where<br> Self: <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/marker/trait.Sized.html" title="trait core::marker::Sized">Sized</a>, </span></code></span></h3><div class='docblock'><p>Wraps this failure in a compatibility wrapper that implements
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<code>std::error::Error</code>.</p>
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<p>This allows failures to be compatible with older crates that
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expect types that implement the <code>Error</code> trait from <code>std::error</code>.</p>
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</div></div>
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<h2 id='methods' class='small-section-header'>
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Methods<a href='#methods' class='anchor'></a>
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</h2>
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<h3 id='impl' class='impl'><span class='in-band'><code>impl <a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a></code><a href='#impl' class='anchor'></a></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#187-252' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h3>
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||
<div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.downcast_ref' class="method"><span id='downcast_ref.v' class='invisible'><code>pub fn <a href='#method.downcast_ref' class='fnname'>downcast_ref</a><T: <a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a>>(&self) -> <a class="enum" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum core::option::Option">Option</a><<a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.reference.html">&</a>T></code></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#191-197' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h4>
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||
<div class='docblock'><p>Attempts to downcast this failure to a concrete type by reference.</p>
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||
<p>If the underlying error is not of type <code>T</code>, this will return <code>None</code>.</p>
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||
</div><h4 id='method.downcast_mut' class="method"><span id='downcast_mut.v' class='invisible'><code>pub fn <a href='#method.downcast_mut' class='fnname'>downcast_mut</a><T: <a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a>>(&mut self) -> <a class="enum" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/option/enum.Option.html" title="enum core::option::Option">Option</a><<a class="primitive" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/std/primitive.reference.html">&mut </a>T></code></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#203-209' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h4>
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<div class='docblock'><p>Attempts to downcast this failure to a concrete type by mutable
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reference.</p>
|
||
<p>If the underlying error is not of type <code>T</code>, this will return <code>None</code>.</p>
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||
</div><h4 id='method.find_root_cause' class="method"><span id='find_root_cause.v' class='invisible'><code>pub fn <a href='#method.find_root_cause' class='fnname'>find_root_cause</a>(&self) -> &<a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a></code></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#219-221' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h4>
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<div class='docblock'><p>Returns the "root cause" of this <code>Fail</code> - the last value in the
|
||
cause chain which does not return an underlying <code>cause</code>.</p>
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||
<p>If this type does not have a cause, <code>self</code> is returned, because
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||
it is its own root cause.</p>
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||
<p>This is equivalent to iterating over <code>iter_causes()</code> and taking
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||
the last item.</p>
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||
</div><h4 id='method.iter_causes' class="method"><div class="important-traits"><div class='tooltip'>ⓘ<span class='tooltiptext'>Important traits for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></span></div><div class="content hidden"><h3 class="important">Important traits for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></h3><code class="content"><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<'f> <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/iter/iterator/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait core::iter::iterator::Iterator">Iterator</a> for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></span><span class="where fmt-newline"> type <a href='https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/iter/iterator/trait.Iterator.html#associatedtype.Item' class="type">Item</a> = &'f <a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a>;</span></code></div></div><span id='iter_causes.v' class='invisible'><code>pub fn <a href='#method.iter_causes' class='fnname'>iter_causes</a>(&self) -> <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a></code></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#227-229' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h4>
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||
<div class='docblock'><p>Returns a iterator over the causes of this <code>Fail</code> with the cause
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||
of this fail as the first item and the <code>root_cause</code> as the final item.</p>
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<p>Use <code>iter_chain</code> to also include the fail itself.</p>
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</div><h4 id='method.iter_chain' class="method"><div class="important-traits"><div class='tooltip'>ⓘ<span class='tooltiptext'>Important traits for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></span></div><div class="content hidden"><h3 class="important">Important traits for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></h3><code class="content"><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<'f> <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/iter/iterator/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait core::iter::iterator::Iterator">Iterator</a> for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></span><span class="where fmt-newline"> type <a href='https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/iter/iterator/trait.Iterator.html#associatedtype.Item' class="type">Item</a> = &'f <a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a>;</span></code></div></div><span id='iter_chain.v' class='invisible'><code>pub fn <a href='#method.iter_chain' class='fnname'>iter_chain</a>(&self) -> <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a></code></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#237-239' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h4>
|
||
<div class='docblock'><p>Returns a iterator over all fails up the chain from the current
|
||
as the first item up to the <code>root_cause</code> as the final item.</p>
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||
<p>This means that the chain also includes the fail itself which
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||
means that it does <em>not</em> start with <code>cause</code>. To skip the outermost
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||
fail use <code>iter_causes</code> instead.</p>
|
||
</div><h4 id='method.root_cause' class="method"><span id='root_cause.v' class='invisible'><code>pub fn <a href='#method.root_cause' class='fnname'>root_cause</a>(&self) -> &<a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a></code></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#243-245' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h4>
|
||
<div class='stability'><div class='stab deprecated'>Deprecated since 0.1.2<p>: please use the 'find_root_cause()' method instead</p>
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||
</div></div><div class='docblock'><p>Deprecated alias to <code>find_root_cause</code>.</p>
|
||
</div><h4 id='method.causes' class="method"><div class="important-traits"><div class='tooltip'>ⓘ<span class='tooltiptext'>Important traits for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></span></div><div class="content hidden"><h3 class="important">Important traits for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></h3><code class="content"><span class="where fmt-newline">impl<'f> <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/iter/iterator/trait.Iterator.html" title="trait core::iter::iterator::Iterator">Iterator</a> for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a><'f></span><span class="where fmt-newline"> type <a href='https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/iter/iterator/trait.Iterator.html#associatedtype.Item' class="type">Item</a> = &'f <a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a>;</span></code></div></div><span id='causes.v' class='invisible'><code>pub fn <a href='#method.causes' class='fnname'>causes</a>(&self) -> <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Causes.html" title="struct failure::Causes">Causes</a></code></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/lib.rs.html#249-251' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h4>
|
||
<div class='stability'><div class='stab deprecated'>Deprecated since 0.1.2<p>: please use the 'iter_chain()' method instead</p>
|
||
</div></div><div class='docblock'><p>Deprecated alias to <code>iter_causes</code>.</p>
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||
</div></div>
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||
<h2 id='implementations' class='small-section-header'>
|
||
Trait Implementations<a href='#implementations' class='anchor'></a>
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||
</h2>
|
||
<h3 id='impl-AsRef%3CFail%3E' class='impl'><span class='in-band'><code>impl <a class="trait" href="https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/convert/trait.AsRef.html" title="trait core::convert::AsRef">AsRef</a><<a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a>> for <a class="struct" href="../failure/struct.Error.html" title="struct failure::Error">Error</a></code><a href='#impl-AsRef%3CFail%3E' class='anchor'></a></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/error/mod.rs.html#199-203' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h3>
|
||
<div class='impl-items'><h4 id='method.as_ref' class="method"><span id='as_ref.v' class='invisible'><code>fn <a href='https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/core/convert/trait.AsRef.html#tymethod.as_ref' class='fnname'>as_ref</a>(&self) -> &<a class="trait" href="../failure/trait.Fail.html" title="trait failure::Fail">Fail</a></code></span><span class='out-of-band'><div class='ghost'></div><a class='srclink' href='../src/failure/error/mod.rs.html#200-202' title='goto source code'>[src]</a></span></h4>
|
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<div class='docblock'><p>Performs the conversion.</p>
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