pt/doc/pt-mainpage.txt

/**

\mainpage The Protothreads Library

\author Adam Dunkels <adam@sics.se>

Protothreads are a type of lightweight stackless threads designed for
severly memory constrained systems such as deeply embedded systems or
sensor network nodes. Protothreads provides linear code execution for
event-driven systems implemented in C. Protothreads can be used with
or without an RTOS.

Protothreads are a extremely lightweight, stackless type of threads
that provides a blocking context on top of an event-driven system,
without the overhead of per-thread stacks. The purpose of protothreads
is to implement sequential flow of control without complex state
machines or full multi-threading. Protothreads provides conditional
blocking inside C functions.

Main features:

    - No machine specific code - the protothreads library is pure C

    - Does not use error-prone functions such as longjmp()
        
    - Very small RAM overhead - only two bytes per protothread
    
    - Can be used with or without an OS
    
    - Provides blocking wait without full multi-threading or
      stack-switching

Examples applications:

    - Memory constrained systems
    
    - Event-driven protocol stacks
    
    - Deeply embedded systems
    
    - Sensor network nodes


\sa \ref examples "Example programs"  
\sa \ref pt "Protothreads API documentation"
    
The protothreads library is released under a BSD-style license that
allows for both non-commercial and commercial usage. The only
requirement is that credit is given.

More information and new version of the code can be found at the
Protothreads homepage:

		     http://www.sics.se/~adam/pt/

\section authors Authors

The protothreads library was written by Adam Dunkels <adam@sics.se>
with support from Oliver Schmidt <ol.sc@web.de>.

\section using Using protothreads

Using protothreads in a project is easy: simply copy the files pt.h,
lc.h and lc-switch.h into the include files directory of the project,
and \#include "pt.h" in all files that should use protothreads.

\section pt-desc Protothreads

Protothreads are a extremely lightweight, stackless threads that
provides a blocking context on top of an event-driven system, without
the overhead of per-thread stacks. The purpose of protothreads is to
implement sequential flow of control without using complex state
machines or full multi-threading. Protothreads provides conditional
blocking inside a C function.

In memory constrained systems, such as deeply embedded systems,
traditional multi-threading may have a too large memory overhead. In
traditional multi-threading, each thread requires its own stack, that
typically is over-provisioned. The stacks may use large parts of the
available memory.

The main advantage of protothreads over ordinary threads is that
protothreads are very lightweight: a protothread does not require its
own stack. Rather, all protothreads run on the same stack and context
switching is done by stack rewinding. This is advantageous in memory
constrained systems, where a stack for a thread might use a large part
of the available memory. A protothread only requires only two bytes of
memory per protothread. Moreover, protothreads are implemented in pure
C and do not require any machine-specific assembler code.

A protothread runs within a single C function and cannot span over
other functions. A protothread may call normal C functions, but cannot
block inside a called function. Blocking inside nested function calls
is instead made by spawning a separate protothread for each
potentially blocking function. The advantage of this approach is that
blocking is explicit: the programmer knows exactly which functions
that block that which functions the never blocks.

Protothreads are similar to asymmetric co-routines. The main
difference is that co-routines uses a separate stack for each
co-routine, whereas protothreads are stackless. The most similar
mechanism to protothreads are Python generators. These are also
stackless constructs, but have a different purpose. Protothreads
provides blocking contexts inside a C function, whereas Python
generators provide multiple exit points from a generator function.

\section pt-autovars Local variables

\note 
Because protothreads do not save the stack context across a blocking
call, local variables are not preserved when the protothread
blocks. This means that local variables should be used with utmost
care - if in doubt, do not use local variables inside a protothread!

\section pt-scheduling Scheduling

A protothread is driven by repeated calls to the function in which the
protothread is running. Each time the function is called, the
protothread will run until it blocks or exits. Thus the scheduling of
protothreads is done by the application that uses protothreads.

\section pt-impl Implementation

Protothreads are implemented using local continuations. A local
continuation represents the current state of execution at a particular
place in the program, but does not provide any call history or local
variables. A local continuation can be set in a specific function to
capture the state of the function. After a local continuation has been
set can be resumed in order to restore the state of the function at
the point where the local continuation was set.


Local continuations can be implemented in a variety of ways:

   -# by using machine specific assembler code,
   -# by using standard C constructs, or
   -# by using compiler extensions. 

The first way works by saving and restoring the processor state,
except for stack pointers, and requires between 16 and 32 bytes of
memory per protothread. The exact amount of memory required depends on
the architecture.

The standard C implementation requires only two bytes of state per
protothread and utilizes the C switch() statement in a non-obvious way
that is similar to Duff's device. This implementation does, however,
impose a slight restriction to the code that uses protothreads: a
protothread cannot perform a blocking wait (PT_WAIT_UNTIL() or
PT_YIELD()) inside a switch() statement.

Certain compilers has C extensions that can be used to implement
protothreads. GCC supports label pointers that can be used for this
purpose. With this implementation, protothreads require 4 bytes of RAM
per protothread.

*/