316 lines
9.7 KiB
HTML
316 lines
9.7 KiB
HTML
<title>L8</title>
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<html>
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<head>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Threads, processes, and context switching</h1>
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<p>Required reading: proc.c (focus on scheduler() and sched()),
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setjmp.S, and sys_fork (in sysproc.c)
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<h2>Overview</h2>
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<p>Big picture: more programs than processors. How to share the
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limited number of processors among the programs?
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<p>Observation: most programs don't need the processor continuously,
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because they frequently have to wait for input (from user, disk,
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network, etc.)
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<p>Idea: when one program must wait, it releases the processor, and
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gives it to another program.
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<p>Mechanism: thread of computation, an active active computation. A
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thread is an abstraction that contains the minimal state that is
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necessary to stop an active and an resume it at some point later.
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What that state is depends on the processor. On x86, it is the
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processor registers (see setjmp.S).
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<p>Address spaces and threads: address spaces and threads are in
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principle independent concepts. One can switch from one thread to
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another thread in the same address space, or one can switch from one
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thread to another thread in another address space. Example: in xv6,
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one switches address spaces by switching segmentation registers (see
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setupsegs). Does xv6 ever switch from one thread to another in the
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same address space? (Answer: yes, v6 switches, for example, from the
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scheduler, proc[0], to the kernel part of init, proc[1].) In the JOS
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kernel we switch from the kernel thread to a user thread, but we don't
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switch kernel space necessarily.
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<p>Process: one address space plus one or more threads of computation.
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In xv6 all <i>user</i> programs contain one thread of computation and
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one address space, and the concepts of address space and threads of
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computation are not separated but bundled together in the concept of a
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process. When switching from the kernel program (which has multiple
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threads) to a user program, xv6 switches threads (switching from a
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kernel stack to a user stack) and address spaces (the hardware uses
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the kernel segment registers and the user segment registers).
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<p>xv6 supports the following operations on processes:
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<ul>
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<li>fork; create a new process, which is a copy of the parent.
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<li>exec; execute a program
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<li>exit: terminte process
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<li>wait: wait for a process to terminate
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<li>kill: kill process
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<li>sbrk: grow the address space of a process.
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</ul>
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This interfaces doesn't separate threads and address spaces. For
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example, with this interface one cannot create additional threads in
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the same threads. Modern Unixes provides additional primitives
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(called pthreads, POSIX threads) to create additional threads in a
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process and coordinate their activities.
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<p>Scheduling. The thread manager needs a method for deciding which
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thread to run if multiple threads are runnable. The xv6 policy is to
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run the processes round robin. Why round robin? What other methods
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can you imagine?
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<p>Preemptive scheduling. To force a thread to release the processor
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periodically (in case the thread never calls sleep), a thread manager
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can use preemptive scheduling. The thread manager uses the clock chip
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to generate periodically a hardware interrupt, which will cause
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control to transfer to the thread manager, which then can decide to
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run another thread (e.g., see trap.c).
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<h2>xv6 code examples</h2>
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<p>Thread switching is implemented in xv6 using setjmp and longjmp,
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which take a jumpbuf as an argument. setjmp saves its context in a
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jumpbuf for later use by longjmp. longjmp restores the context saved
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by the last setjmp. It then causes execution to continue as if the
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call of setjmp has just returned 1.
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<ul>
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<li>setjmp saves: ebx, exc, edx, esi, edi, esp, ebp, and eip.
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<li>longjmp restores them, and puts 1 in eax!
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</ul>
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<p> Example of thread switching: proc[0] switches to scheduler:
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<ul>
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<li>1359: proc[0] calls iget, which calls sleep, which calls sched.
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<li>2261: The stack before the call to setjmp in sched is:
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<pre>
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CPU 0:
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eax: 0x10a144 1089860
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ecx: 0x6c65746e 1818588270
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edx: 0x0 0
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ebx: 0x10a0e0 1089760
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esp: 0x210ea8 2166440
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ebp: 0x210ebc 2166460
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esi: 0x107f20 1081120
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edi: 0x107740 1079104
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eip: 0x1023c9
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eflags 0x12
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cs: 0x8
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ss: 0x10
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ds: 0x10
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es: 0x10
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fs: 0x10
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gs: 0x10
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00210ea8 [00210ea8] 10111e
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00210eac [00210eac] 210ebc
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00210eb0 [00210eb0] 10239e
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00210eb4 [00210eb4] 0001
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00210eb8 [00210eb8] 10a0e0
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00210ebc [00210ebc] 210edc
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00210ec0 [00210ec0] 1024ce
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00210ec4 [00210ec4] 1010101
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00210ec8 [00210ec8] 1010101
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00210ecc [00210ecc] 1010101
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00210ed0 [00210ed0] 107740
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00210ed4 [00210ed4] 0001
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00210ed8 [00210ed8] 10cd74
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00210edc [00210edc] 210f1c
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00210ee0 [00210ee0] 100bbc
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00210ee4 [00210ee4] 107740
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</pre>
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<li>2517: stack at beginning of setjmp:
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<pre>
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CPU 0:
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eax: 0x10a144 1089860
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ecx: 0x6c65746e 1818588270
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edx: 0x0 0
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ebx: 0x10a0e0 1089760
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esp: 0x210ea0 2166432
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ebp: 0x210ebc 2166460
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esi: 0x107f20 1081120
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edi: 0x107740 1079104
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eip: 0x102848
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eflags 0x12
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cs: 0x8
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ss: 0x10
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ds: 0x10
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es: 0x10
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fs: 0x10
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gs: 0x10
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00210ea0 [00210ea0] 1023cf <--- return address (sched)
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00210ea4 [00210ea4] 10a144
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00210ea8 [00210ea8] 10111e
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00210eac [00210eac] 210ebc
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00210eb0 [00210eb0] 10239e
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00210eb4 [00210eb4] 0001
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00210eb8 [00210eb8] 10a0e0
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00210ebc [00210ebc] 210edc
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00210ec0 [00210ec0] 1024ce
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00210ec4 [00210ec4] 1010101
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00210ec8 [00210ec8] 1010101
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00210ecc [00210ecc] 1010101
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00210ed0 [00210ed0] 107740
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00210ed4 [00210ed4] 0001
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00210ed8 [00210ed8] 10cd74
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00210edc [00210edc] 210f1c
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</pre>
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<li>2519: What is saved in jmpbuf of proc[0]?
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<li>2529: return 0!
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<li>2534: What is in jmpbuf of cpu 0? The stack is as follows:
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<pre>
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CPU 0:
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eax: 0x0 0
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ecx: 0x6c65746e 1818588270
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edx: 0x108aa4 1084068
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ebx: 0x10a0e0 1089760
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esp: 0x210ea0 2166432
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ebp: 0x210ebc 2166460
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esi: 0x107f20 1081120
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edi: 0x107740 1079104
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eip: 0x10286e
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eflags 0x46
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cs: 0x8
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ss: 0x10
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ds: 0x10
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es: 0x10
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fs: 0x10
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gs: 0x10
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00210ea0 [00210ea0] 1023fe
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00210ea4 [00210ea4] 108aa4
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00210ea8 [00210ea8] 10111e
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00210eac [00210eac] 210ebc
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00210eb0 [00210eb0] 10239e
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00210eb4 [00210eb4] 0001
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00210eb8 [00210eb8] 10a0e0
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00210ebc [00210ebc] 210edc
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00210ec0 [00210ec0] 1024ce
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00210ec4 [00210ec4] 1010101
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00210ec8 [00210ec8] 1010101
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00210ecc [00210ecc] 1010101
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00210ed0 [00210ed0] 107740
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00210ed4 [00210ed4] 0001
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00210ed8 [00210ed8] 10cd74
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00210edc [00210edc] 210f1c
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</pre>
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<li>2547: return 1! stack looks as follows:
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<pre>
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CPU 0:
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eax: 0x1 1
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ecx: 0x108aa0 1084064
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edx: 0x108aa4 1084068
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ebx: 0x10074 65652
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esp: 0x108d40 1084736
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ebp: 0x108d5c 1084764
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esi: 0x10074 65652
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edi: 0xffde 65502
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eip: 0x102892
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eflags 0x6
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cs: 0x8
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ss: 0x10
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ds: 0x10
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es: 0x10
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fs: 0x10
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gs: 0x10
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00108d40 [00108d40] 10231c
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00108d44 [00108d44] 10a144
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00108d48 [00108d48] 0010
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00108d4c [00108d4c] 0021
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00108d50 [00108d50] 0000
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00108d54 [00108d54] 0000
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00108d58 [00108d58] 10a0e0
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00108d5c [00108d5c] 0000
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00108d60 [00108d60] 0001
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00108d64 [00108d64] 0000
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00108d68 [00108d68] 0000
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00108d6c [00108d6c] 0000
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00108d70 [00108d70] 0000
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00108d74 [00108d74] 0000
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00108d78 [00108d78] 0000
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00108d7c [00108d7c] 0000
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</pre>
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<li>2548: where will longjmp return? (answer: 10231c, in scheduler)
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<li>2233:Scheduler on each processor selects in a round-robin fashion the
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first runnable process. Which process will that be? (If we are
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running with one processor.) (Ans: proc[0].)
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<li>2229: what will be saved in cpu's jmpbuf?
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<li>What is in proc[0]'s jmpbuf?
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<li>2548: return 1. Stack looks as follows:
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<pre>
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CPU 0:
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eax: 0x1 1
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ecx: 0x6c65746e 1818588270
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edx: 0x0 0
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ebx: 0x10a0e0 1089760
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esp: 0x210ea0 2166432
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ebp: 0x210ebc 2166460
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esi: 0x107f20 1081120
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edi: 0x107740 1079104
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eip: 0x102892
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eflags 0x2
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cs: 0x8
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ss: 0x10
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ds: 0x10
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es: 0x10
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fs: 0x10
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gs: 0x10
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00210ea0 [00210ea0] 1023cf <--- return to sleep
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00210ea4 [00210ea4] 108aa4
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00210ea8 [00210ea8] 10111e
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00210eac [00210eac] 210ebc
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00210eb0 [00210eb0] 10239e
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00210eb4 [00210eb4] 0001
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00210eb8 [00210eb8] 10a0e0
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00210ebc [00210ebc] 210edc
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00210ec0 [00210ec0] 1024ce
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00210ec4 [00210ec4] 1010101
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00210ec8 [00210ec8] 1010101
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00210ecc [00210ecc] 1010101
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00210ed0 [00210ed0] 107740
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00210ed4 [00210ed4] 0001
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00210ed8 [00210ed8] 10cd74
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00210edc [00210edc] 210f1c
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</pre>
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</ul>
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<p>Why switch from proc[0] to the processor stack, and then to
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proc[0]'s stack? Why not instead run the scheduler on the kernel
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stack of the last process that run on that cpu?
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<ul>
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<li>If the scheduler wanted to use the process stack, then it couldn't
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have any stack variables live across process scheduling, since
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they'd be different depending on which process just stopped running.
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<li>Suppose process p goes to sleep on CPU1, so CPU1 is idling in
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scheduler() on p's stack. Someone wakes up p. CPU2 decides to run
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p. Now p is running on its stack, and CPU1 is also running on the
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same stack. They will likely scribble on each others' local
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variables, return pointers, etc.
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<li>The same thing happens if CPU1 tries to reuse the process's page
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tables to avoid a TLB flush. If the process gets killed and cleaned
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up by the other CPU, now the page tables are wrong. I think some OSes
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actually do this (with appropriate ref counting).
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</ul>
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<p>How is preemptive scheduling implemented in xv6? Answer see trap.c
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line 2905 through 2917, and the implementation of yield() on sheet
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22.
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<p>How long is a timeslice for a user process? (possibly very short;
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very important lock is held across context switch!)
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</body>
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